Tricyclic fused thiophene derivatives as jak inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides tricyclic fused thiophene derivatives, as well as their compositions and methods of use, that modulate the activity of Janus kinase (JAK) and are useful in the treatment of diseases related to the activity of JAK including, for example, inflammatory disorders, autoimmune disorders, cancer, and other diseases.

This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/721,308, filed Nov. 1, 2012, and U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/783,850, filed Mar. 14, 2013, each of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention provides tricyclic fused thiophene derivatives, aswell as their compositions and methods of use, that modulate theactivity of Janus kinase (JAK) and are useful in the treatment ofdiseases related to the activity of JAK including, for example,inflammatory disorders, autoimmune disorders, cancer, and otherdiseases.

BACKGROUND

Protein kinases (PKs) regulate diverse biological processes includingcell growth, survival, differentiation, organ formation, morphogenesis,neovascularization, tissue repair, and regeneration, among others.Protein kinases also play specialized roles in a host of human diseasesincluding cancer. Cytokines, low-molecular weight polypeptides orglycoproteins, regulate many pathways involved in the host inflammatoryresponse to sepsis. Cytokines influence cell differentiation,proliferation and activation, and can modulate both pro-inflammatory andanti-inflammatory responses to allow the host to react appropriately topathogens. Signaling of a wide range of cytokines involves the Januskinase family (JAKs) of protein tyrosine kinases and Signal Transducersand Activators of Transcription (STATs). There are four known mammalianJAKs: JAK1 (Janus kinase-1), JAK2, JAK3 (also known as Janus kinase,leukocyte; JAKL; and L-JAK), and TYK2 (protein-tyrosine kinase 2).

Cytokine-stimulated immune and inflammatory responses contribute topathogenesis of diseases: pathologies such as severe combinedimmunodeficiency (SCID) arise from suppression of the immune system,while a hyperactive or inappropriate immune/inflammatory responsecontributes to the pathology of autoimmune diseases (e.g., asthma,systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroiditis, myocarditis), and illnessessuch as scleroderma and osteoarthritis (Ortmann, R. A., T. Cheng, et al.(2000) Arthritis Res 2(1): 16-32).

Deficiencies in expression of JAKs are associated with many diseasestates. For example, Jak1−/− mice are runted at birth, fail to nurse,and die perinatally (Rodig, S. J., M. A. Meraz, et al. (1998) Cell93(3): 373-83). Jak2−/− mouse embryos are anemic and die around day 12.5postcoitum due to the absence of definitive erythropoiesis.

The JAK/STAT pathway, and in particular all four JAKs, are believed toplay a role in the pathogenesis of asthmatic response, chronicobstructive pulmonary disease, bronchitis, and other relatedinflammatory diseases of the lower respiratory tract. Multiple cytokinesthat signal through JAKs have been linked to inflammatorydiseases/conditions of the upper respiratory tract, such as thoseaffecting the nose and sinuses (e.g., rhinitis and sinusitis) whetherclassically allergic reactions or not. The JAK/STAT pathway has alsobeen implicated in inflammatory diseases/conditions of the eye andchronic allergic responses.

Activation of JAK/STAT in cancers may occur by cytokine stimulation(e.g. IL-6 or GM-CSF) or by a reduction in the endogenous suppressors ofJAK signaling such as SOCS (suppressor or cytokine signaling) or PIAS(protein inhibitor of activated STAT) (Boudny, V., and Kovarik, J.,Neoplasm. 49:349-355, 2002). Activation of STAT signaling, as well asother pathways downstream of JAKs (e.g., Akt), has been correlated withpoor prognosis in many cancer types (Bowman, T., et al. Oncogene19:2474-2488, 2000). Elevated levels of circulating cytokines thatsignal through JAK/STAT play a causal role in cachexia and/or chronicfatigue. As such, JAK inhibition may be beneficial to cancer patientsfor reasons that extend beyond potential anti-tumor activity.

JAK2 tyrosine kinase can be beneficial for patients withmyeloproliferative disorders, e.g., polycythemia vera (PV), essentialthrombocythemia (ET), myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis (MMM)(Levin, et al., Cancer Cell, vol. 7, 2005: 387-397) Inhibition of theJAK2V617F kinase decreases proliferation of hematopoietic cells,suggesting JAK2 as a potential target for pharmacologic inhibition inpatients with PV, ET, and MMM.

Inhibition of the JAKs may benefit patients suffering from skin immunedisorders such as psoriasis, and skin sensitization. The maintenance ofpsoriasis is believed to depend on a number of inflammatory cytokines inaddition to various chemokines and growth factors (JCI, 113:1664-1675),many of which signal through JAKs (Adv Pharmacol. 2000; 47:113-74).

Thus, new or improved agents which inhibit kinases such as JAKs arecontinually needed for developing new and more effective pharmaceuticalsthat are aimed at augmentation or suppression of the immune andinflammatory pathways (such as immunosuppressive agents for organtransplants), as well as agents for the prevention and treatment ofautoimmune diseases, diseases involving a hyperactive inflammatoryresponse (e.g., eczema), allergies, cancer (e.g., prostate, leukemia,multiple myeloma), and some immune reactions (e.g., skin rash or contactdermatitis or diarrhea) caused by other therapeutics. The compounds ofthe invention, as well as its compositions and methods described hereinare directed toward these needs and other ends.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides, inter alia, compounds of Formula I:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein Y, X¹, X², X³,X⁴, X⁵, R⁵, and

are defined infra.

The present invention further provides compositions comprising acompound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present invention further provides methods of modulating an activityof JAK1 comprising contacting JAK1 with a compound of Formula I, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention further provides methods of treating a disease ora disorder associated with abnormal kinase expression or activity in apatient by administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amountof a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof.

The present invention further provides methods of treating an autoimmunedisease, a cancer, a myeloproliferative disorder, an inflammatorydisease, a bone resorption disease, or organ transplant rejection in apatient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention also provides compounds of Formula I, orpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as described herein for usein treatment of autoimmune diseases, cancer, myeloproliferativedisorders, inflammatory diseases, a bone resorption disease, or organtransplant rejection.

The present invention further provides compounds of Formula I asdescribed herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, for usein modulating JAK1.

The present invention also provides uses of compounds of Formula I asdescribed herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, for thepreparation of medicaments for use in methods of modulating JAK1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides, inter alia, a compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

the

ring system is aromatic;

each

is independently selected from a single bond and a double bond;

Y is N or CR⁴;

X¹ is selected from CR¹, CR¹R^(1a), C(═O), N, NR¹, O, and S;

X² is selected from CR², C(═O), N, NR², and C(═NR^(2a));

X³ is selected from CR³ and NR³;

X⁴ is selected from C and N; and X⁵ is C; or

X⁴ is C; and X⁵ is selected from C and N;

provided that:

(i) the selections for each of X¹, X², X³, X⁴, X⁵ and

maintain proper valency;

(ii) when X¹ is O or S, then X² is not —NR² and X²

X³ is not —C(C═O)—CR³—;

(iii) when X¹ is NR¹, then X²

X³ is not —NR²—NR³—;

(iv) when X⁴ is N, then X¹

X²

X³ is not ═N—NR²—NR³—; and

(v) when X⁵ is N, then X¹

X² is not —NR¹—NR²— and X¹

X²

X³ is not —CR¹R^(1a)—NR²—CR³═;

R¹ is selected from H, halo, CN, NH₂, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, and C₁₋₃haloalkyl;

R^(1a) is selected from H, halo, CN, NH₂, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃haloalkyl;

R^(2a) is selected from CN, OH, OCH₃, and NO₂;

R² is selected from H, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl,C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl-S—, CN, C(═O)R^(b),C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b), OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))R^(b), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl,C₁₋₆ alkoxy, and C₁₋₆ alkyl-S— are each optionally substituted with 1,2, or 3 substituents independently selected from Cy², halo, CN, NO₂,OR^(a), SR^(a), C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b),OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d);

alternatively, R² is selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein saidC₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 substituents independently selected from halo, R²¹, Cy², CN,NO₂, OR^(a), SR^(a), C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a),OC(═O)R^(b), OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b),NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a), NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b),S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), and S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d);

provided that when X¹

X²

X³ is —N═CR²—NR³—, X⁴ is C, and X⁵ is C; and Cy⁴ is unsubstituted orsubstituted 3-10 membered saturated heterocycloalkylene having one ormore nitrogen atoms or Cy^(4A) is unsubstituted or substituted 3-10membered saturated heterocycloalkylene having one or more nitrogenatoms, then R² is selected from H, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl-S—, CN, C(═O)R^(b),C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b), OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))R^(b), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl,C₁₋₆ alkoxy, and C₁₋₆ alkyl-S— are each optionally substituted with 1,2, or 3 substituents independently selected from Cy², halo, CN, NO₂,OR^(a), SR^(a), C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b),OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d);

each R²¹ is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, andC₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from Cy², halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a),SR^(a), C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b),OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d);

alternatively, when two R²¹ groups are attached to the same carbon atom,the two R²¹ groups, along with the carbon atom to which they areattached, form a 3-7 membered cycloalkyl ring or a 3-7 memberedheterocycloalkyl ring, wherein 1 or 2 ring members of saidheterocycloalkyl ring are independently selected from N, O and S; andwherein said cycloalkyl ring and heterocycloalkyl ring are eachoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl;

each Cy² is independently selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, whereinsaid C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 substituents independently selected from halo, R²², CN, NO₂,OR^(a), SR^(a), C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b),OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d);

each R^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl,C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 substituents independently selected from halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, CN, NO₂, OR^(a1), SR^(a1),C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1),OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1),S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1);

each R^(b) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 memberedheteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl,C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 memberedheteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selectedfrom halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, CN,NO₂, OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1),OC(═O)R^(b1), OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1),S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1);

each R^(e) is independently selected from H, CN, OH, C₁₋₄ alkyl,C₁₋₄alkoxy, NO₂, C(O)(C₁₋₄ alkyl), and S(═O)₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl);

each R²² is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, andC₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from Cy³, halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a1),SR^(a1), C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1),OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1),S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1);

each R^(a1), R^(c1), and R^(d1) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, C₂₋₃ alkynyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl;

each R^(b1) is independently selected from C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl,C₂₋₃ alkynyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl;

each R^(e1) is independently selected from H, CN, OH, C₁₋₄ alkyl, andC₁₋₄ alkoxy;

each Cy³ is independently selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, whereinsaid C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a1), SR^(a1),C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1),OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1),S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1);

R³ is selected from Cy⁴, -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵, -Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy⁵,-Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy^(5A)-Cy⁶, -Cy^(4A)-Cy^(5A)-Y²-Cy⁶,-Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy^(5A)-Y²-Cy⁶, or -Cy^(4A)-Y³-Cy⁶;

Cy⁴ is selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 memberedheteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₆₋₁₀ aryl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4independently selected R³¹ groups;

Cy^(4A) is selected from C₆₋₁₀ arylene, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene, 5-10membered heteroarylene, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene, whereinsaid C₆₋₁₀ arylene, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene, 5-10 membered heteroarylene,and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene are optionally substituted with 1,2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³¹ groups;

Y¹ is Y¹¹, C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆ alkenylene, C₂₋₆ alkynylene, C₁₋₆alkylene-Y¹¹, C₂₋₆ alkenylene-Y¹¹, C₂₋₆ alkynylene-Y¹¹, Y¹¹—C₁₋₆alkylene, Y¹¹—C₂₋₆ alkenylene, or Y¹¹—C₂₋₆ alkynylene, wherein saidalkylene, alkenylene and alkynylene groups are each optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected fromhalo, CN, OH, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, and C₁₋₃haloalkoxy;

Cy⁵ and Cy⁶ are each independently selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl are optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³² groups;

Cy^(5A) is selected from C₆₋₁₀ arylene, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene, 5-10membered heteroarylene, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene, whereinsaid C₆₋₁₀ arylene, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene, 5-10 membered heteroarylene,and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene are each optionally substitutedwith 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³² groups;

Y² is Y²¹, C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆ alkenylene, C₂₋₆ alkynylene, C₁₋₆alkylene-Y²¹, C₂₋₆ alkenylene-Y²¹, C₂₋₆ alkynylene-Y²¹, Y²¹—C₁₋₆alkylene, Y²¹—C₂₋₆ alkenylene, or Y²¹—C₂₋₆ alkynylene, wherein saidalkylene, alkenylene and alkynylene groups are each optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected fromhalo, CN, OH, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, and C₁₋₃haloalkoxy;

Y³ is C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y³¹—C₁₋₆alkylene-Y³¹, or Y³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene, wherein saidalkylene groups are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from halo, CN, OH, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkoxy;

each Cy⁷ is independently selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, whereinsaid C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 independently selected R³³ groups;

Y¹¹, Y²¹, and Y³¹ are each independently selected from O, S, C(═O),C(═O)NR^(f), C(═O)O, OC(═O), OC(═O)NR^(f), NR^(f), NR^(f)C(═O),NR^(f)C(═O)O, NR^(f)C(═O)NR^(f), NR^(f)S(═O), NR^(f)S(═O)₂,NR^(f)S(═O)₂NR^(f), S(═O), S(═O)NR, S(═O)₂, and S(═O)₂NR^(f);

each R³¹ is independently selected from Cy⁷, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a2), SR^(a2),C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2),OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2),NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2), NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)R^(b2),S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2); wherein saidC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected fromhalo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a2), SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2), OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)R^(b2), S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2);

each R³² is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a2), SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2),C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2), OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)R^(b2), S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or3 substituents independently selected from halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a2),SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2),OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2),NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2), NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)R^(b2),S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2);

each R³³ is independently selected from halo, OH, NO₂, CN, C₁₋₃ alkyl,C₂₋₃ alkenyl, C₂₋₃ alkynyl, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy-C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, C₁₋₃haloalkoxy, amino, C₁₋₃ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, thio, C₁₋₃alkylthio, C₁₋₃ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, C₁₋₃alkylcarbamyl, di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)carbamyl, carboxy, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonyloxy, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₃alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁₋₃alkyl)aminosulfonyl, aminosulfonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonylamino,di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)aminosulfonylamino, aminocarbonylamino, C₁₋₃alkylaminocarbonylamino, and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)aminocarbonylamino;

alternatively, when two R³³ groups are attached to the same carbon atom,the two R³³ groups, along with the carbon atom to which they areattached, form a 3-7 membered cycloalkyl ring or a 3-7 memberedheterocycloalkyl ring, wherein 1 or 2 ring members of saidheterocycloalkyl ring are independently selected from N, O and S; andwherein said cycloalkyl ring and heterocycloalkyl ring are eachoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl;

each R^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substitutedwith 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R³³;

each R^(b2) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,C₂₋₆ alkynyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from R³³;

each R^(e2) is independently selected from H, CN, OH, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and C,alkoxy;

each R^(f) is independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl;

R⁴ is selected from H, halo, CN, NH₂, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl;and

R⁵ is selected from H, halo, cyano, hydroxy, amino, (C₁₋₄ alkyl)amino,di(C₁₋₄ alkyl)amino, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, and C₁₋₄ alkoxy.

In some embodiments:

the

ring system is aromatic;

each

is independently selected from a single bond and a double bond;

Y is N or CR⁴;

X¹ is selected from CR¹, CR¹R^(1a), C(═O), N, NR¹, O, and S;

X² is selected from CR², C(═O), N, NR², and C(═NR^(2a));

X³ is selected from CR³ and NR³;

X⁴ is selected from C and N; and X⁵ is C; or

X⁴ is C; and X⁵ is selected from C and N;

provided that:

(i) the selections for each of X¹, X², X³, X⁴, X⁵ and

maintain proper valency;

(ii) when X¹ is O or S, then X² is not —NR² and X²

X³ is not —C(C═O)—CR³—;

(iii) when X¹ is NR¹, then X²

X³ is not —NR²—NR³—;

(iv) when X⁴ is N, then X¹

X²

X³ is not ═N—NR²—NR³—; and

(v) when X⁵ is N, then X¹

X² is not —NR¹—NR²— and X¹

X²

X³ is not —CR¹R^(1a)—NR²—CR³═;

R¹ is selected from H, halo, CN, NH₂, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, and C₁₋₃haloalkyl;

R^(1a) is selected from H, halo, CN, NH₂, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃haloalkyl;

R^(2a) is selected from CN, OH, OCH₃, and NO₂;

R² is selected from H, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl,C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl-S—, CN, OC(═O)R^(b),OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))R^(b), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl,C₁₋₆ alkoxy, and C₁₋₆ alkyl-S— are each optionally substituted with 1,2, or 3 substituents independently selected from Cy², halo, CN, NO₂,OR^(a), SR^(a), C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b),OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d);

alternatively, R² is selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein saidC₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 substituents independently selected from halo, R²¹, Cy², CN,NO₂, OR^(a), SR^(a), C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a),OC(═O)R^(b), OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b),NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a), NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b),S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), and S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d);

each R²¹ is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, andC₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from Cy², halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a),SR^(a), C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b),OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d);

alternatively, when two R²¹ groups are attached to the same carbon atom,the two R²¹ groups, along with the carbon atom to which they areattached, form a 3-7 membered cycloalkyl ring or a 3-7 memberedheterocycloalkyl ring, wherein 1 or 2 ring members of saidheterocycloalkyl ring are independently selected from N, O and S; andwherein said cycloalkyl ring and heterocycloalkyl ring are eachoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl;

each Cy² is independently selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl whereinsaid C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 substituents independently selected from halo, R²², CN, NO₂,OR^(a), SR^(a), C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b),OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d);

each R^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl,C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 substituents independently selected from halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, CN, NO₂, OR^(a1), SR^(a1),C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1),OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1),S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1);

each R^(b) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 memberedheteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl,C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 memberedheteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selectedfrom halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, CN,NO₂, OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1),OC(═O)R^(b1), OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1),S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1);

each R^(e) is independently selected from H, CN, OH, C₁₋₄ alkyl,C₁₋₄alkoxy, NO₂, C(O)(C₁₋₄ alkyl), and S(═O)₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl);

each R²² is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, andC₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from Cy³, halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a1),SR^(a1), C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1),OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1),S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1);

each R^(a1), R^(c1), and R^(d1) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, C₂₋₃ alkynyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalky;

each R^(b1) is independently selected from C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl,C₂₋₃ alkynyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl;

each R^(e1) is independently selected from H, CN, OH, C₁₋₄ alkyl, andC₁₋₄alkoxy;

each Cy³ is independently selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, whereinsaid C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a1), SR^(a1),C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1),OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1),S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1);

R³ is selected from Cy⁴, -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵, -Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy⁵,-Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy^(5A)-Cy⁶, -Cy^(4A)-Cy^(5A)-Y²-Cy⁶,-Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy^(5A)-Y²-Cy⁶, or -Cy^(4A)-Y³-Cy⁶;

Cy⁴ is selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 memberedheteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₆₋₁₀ aryl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4independently selected R³¹ groups, wherein said 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl is not a saturated heterocycloalkyl group having one ormore nitrogen ring members;

Cy^(4A) is selected from C₆₋₁₀ arylene, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene, 5-10membered heteroarylene, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene, whereinsaid C₆₋₁₀ arylene, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene, 5-10 membered heteroarylene,and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene are optionally substituted with 1,2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³¹ groups, wherein said 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkylene is not a saturated heterocycloalkylene group havingone or more nitrogen ring members;

Y¹ is Y¹¹, C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆ alkenylene, C₂₋₆ alkynylene, C₁₋₆alkylene-Y¹¹, C₂₋₆ alkenylene-Y¹¹, C₂₋₆ alkynylene-Y¹¹, Y¹¹—C₁₋₆alkylene, Y¹¹—C₂₋₆ alkenylene, or Y¹¹—C₂₋₆ alkynylene, wherein saidalkylene, alkenylene and alkynylene groups are each optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected fromhalo, CN, OH, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, and C₁₋₃haloalkoxy;

Cy⁵ and Cy⁶ are each independently selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl are optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³² groups;

Cy^(5A) is selected from C₆₋₁₀ arylene, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene, 5-10membered heteroarylene, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene, whereinsaid C₆₋₁₀ arylene, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene, 5-10 membered heteroarylene,and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene are each optionally substitutedwith 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³² groups;

Y² is Y²¹, C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆ alkenylene, C₂₋₆ alkynylene, C₁₋₆alkylene-Y²¹, C₂₋₆ alkenylene-Y²¹, C₂₋₆ alkynylene-Y²¹, Y²¹—C₁₋₆alkylene, Y²¹—C₂₋₆ alkenylene, or Y²¹—C₂₋₆ alkynylene, wherein saidalkylene, alkenylene and alkynylene groups are each optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected fromhalo, CN, OH, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, and C₁₋₃haloalkoxy;

Y³ is C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y³¹—C₁₋₆alkylene-Y³¹, or Y³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene, wherein saidalkylene groups are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from halo, CN, OH, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkoxy;

each Cy⁷ is independently selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, whereinsaid C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 independently selected R³³ groups;

Y¹¹, Y²¹, and Y³¹ are each independently selected from O, S, C(═O),C(═O)NR^(f), C(═O)O, OC(═O), OC(═O)NR^(f), NR^(f), NR^(f)C(═O),NR^(f)C(═O)O, NR^(f)C(═O)NR^(f), NR^(f)S(═O), NR^(f)S(═O)₂,NR^(f)S(═O)₂NR^(f), S(═O), S(═O)NR, S(═O)₂, and S(═O)₂NR^(f);

each R³¹ is independently selected from Cy⁷, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a2), SR^(a2),C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2),OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2),NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2), NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)R^(b2),S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2); wherein saidC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected fromhalo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a2), SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2), OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)R^(b2), S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2);

each R³² is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a2), SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2),C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2), OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)R^(b2), S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or3 substituents independently selected from halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a2),SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2),OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2),NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2), NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)R^(b2),S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2);

each R³³ is independently selected from halo, OH, NO₂, CN, C₁₋₃ alkyl,C₂₋₃ alkenyl, C₂₋₃ alkynyl, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy-C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, C₁₋₃haloalkoxy, amino, C₁₋₃ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, thio, C₁₋₃alkylthio, C₁₋₃ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, C₁₋₃alkylcarbamyl, di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)carbamyl, carboxy, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonyloxy, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₃alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁₋₃alkyl)aminosulfonyl, aminosulfonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonylamino,di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)aminosulfonylamino, aminocarbonylamino, C₁₋₃alkylaminocarbonylamino, and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)aminocarbonylamino;

alternatively, when two R³³ groups are attached to the same carbon atom,the two R³³ groups, along with the carbon atom to which they areattached, form a 3-7 membered cycloalkyl ring or a 3-7 memberedheterocycloalkyl ring, wherein 1 or 2 ring members of saidheterocycloalkyl ring are independently selected from N, O and S; andwherein said cycloalkyl ring and heterocycloalkyl ring are eachoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl;

each R^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substitutedwith 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R³³;

each R^(b2) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,C₂₋₆ alkynyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from R³³;

each R^(e2) is independently selected from H, CN, OH, C₁₋₄ alkyl, andC₁₋₄ alkoxy;

each R^(f) is independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl;

R⁴ is selected from H, halo, CN, NH₂, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl;and

R⁵ is selected from H, halo, cyano, hydroxy, amino, (C₁₋₄ alkyl)amino,di(C₁₋₄ alkyl)amino, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, and C₁₋₄ alkoxy.

In some embodiments:

R² is H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl-S—, NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), and S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d); whereinsaid C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl and C₁₋₆ alkoxy, and C₁₋₆alkyl-S— are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituentsindependently selected from halo, CN, OR^(a), SR^(a), C(═O)R^(b),C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b), OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d),C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a), NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d),S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), and S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d);

R^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl,and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl is optionally substitutedwith 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from halo, CN,OR^(a1), C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1),OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1),S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); and

each R^(b) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, CN, OR^(a1),C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1),OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1),S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1).

In some embodiments:

R² is C₁₋₆ alkyl, which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from halo, CN, OR^(a), SR^(a),C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b),OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d);

R^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl,and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl is optionally substitutedwith 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from halo, CN,OR^(a1), C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1),OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1),S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1);

each R^(b) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, CN, OR^(a1),C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1),OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1),S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1).

In some embodiments, R² is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, and C₁₋₆ alkyl-S—,each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituentsindependently selected from halo, CN, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, S(C₁₋₆ alkyl),C(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C(═O)NH₂, C(═O)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂,C(═O)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), OC(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), OC(═O)NH₂, OC(═O)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl),OC(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C(═NH)NH₂, C(═NH)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C(═NH)N(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, NHC(═NH)NH₂, NHC(═NH)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), NHC(═NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂,NH₂, NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, NHC(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), N(C₁₋₆alkyl)C(═O) (C₁₋₆ alkyl), NHC(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), NHC(═O)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl),N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)C(═O)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), NHC(═O)NH₂, NHC(═O)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl),NHC(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, NHS(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)S(═O)(C₁₋₆alkyl), NHS(═O)₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)S(═O)₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl),NHS(═O)₂NH₂, NHS(═O)₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), NHS(═O)₂N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, S(═O)(C₁₋₆alkyl), S(═O)NH₂, S(═O)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), S(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, S(═O)₂(C₁₋₆alkyl), S(═O)₂NH₂, S(═O)₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), and S(═O)₂N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂.

In some embodiments, R² is C₁₋₆ alkyl, which is optionally substitutedwith 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from halo, CN, OH,C₁₋₆ alkoxy, S(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C(═O)NH₂, C(═O)NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), C(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C(═O)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), OC(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl),OC(═O)NH₂, OC(═O)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), OC(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C(═NH)NH₂,C(═NH)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C(═NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, NHC(═NH)NH₂, NHC(═NH)NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), NHC(═NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, NH₂, NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂,NHC(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)C(═O) (C₁₋₆ alkyl), NHC(═O)(C₁₋₆alkyl), NHC(═O)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)C(═O)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl),NHC(═O)NH₂, NHC(═O)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), NHC(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, NHS(═O)(C₁₋₆alkyl), N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)S(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), NHS(═O)₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), N(C₁₋₆alkyl)S(═O)₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), NHS(═O)₂NH₂, NHS(═O)₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl),NHS(═O)₂N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, S(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), S(═O)NH₂, S(═O)NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), S(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, S(═O)₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), S(═O)₂NH₂,S(═O)₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), and S(═O)₂N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂.

In some embodiments, R² is C₁₋₆ alkyl, which is optionally substitutedwith 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from halo, CN,OR^(a), and NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b); wherein each R^(a) and R^(c) areindependently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl; and each R^(b) isindependently selected from C₁₋₃ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R² is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl isoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, CN, OR^(a), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), andNR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b); wherein each R^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) areindependently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl; and each R^(b) isindependently selected from C₁₋₃ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R² is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl,wherein said methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl are each optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected fromhalo, CN, OR^(a), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), and NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b);wherein each R^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) are independently selected from H,methyl, and ethyl; and each R^(b) is independently selected from methyland ethyl.

In some embodiments, R² is methyl or ethyl, each of which is optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected fromhalo, CN, OR^(a), and NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b); wherein each R^(a) and R^(c)are independently selected from H, methyl, and ethyl; and each R^(b) isindependently selected from methyl and ethyl.

In some embodiments, R² is cyclopropyl or an azetidine ring, each ofwhich is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selectedR²¹ groups.

In some embodiments, each R²¹ is independently C₁₋₃ alkyl.

In some embodiments:

R² is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl, wherein said methyl,ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl are each optionally optionally substitutedwith 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from halo, CN,OR^(a), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), and NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b); whereineach R^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) are independently selected from H, methyl,and ethyl; and each R^(b) is independently selected from methyl andethyl; or

alternatively, R² is cyclopropyl or an azetidine ring, each of which isoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R²¹groups; and

each R²¹ is independently C₁₋₃ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R² is —CH₂—OH, —CH(CH₃)—OH, or —CH₂—NHSO₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is H.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is H.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from Cy⁴, -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵,-Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy⁵, -Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy^(5A)-Cy⁶, -Cy^(4A)-Cy^(5A)-Y²-Cy⁶,-Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy^(5A)-Y²-Cy⁶, and -Cy^(4A)-Y³-Cy⁶.

In some embodiments:

Y¹ is Y¹¹, C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y¹¹, or Y¹¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene;

Y² is Y²¹, C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y²¹, or Y²¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene;

Y³ is C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y³¹—C₁₋₆alkylene-Y³¹, or Y³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene; and

Y¹¹, Y²¹, and Y³¹ are each independently selected from O and NR^(f).

In some embodiments, R³ is Cy⁴, -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵, or -Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy⁵.

In some embodiments, R³ is -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵ or -Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy⁵.

In some embodiments, R³ is Cy⁴ or -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵.

In some embodiments, R³ is Cy⁴.

In some embodiments, R³ is -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵.

In some embodiments, R³ is -Cy^(4A)-Cy^(5A)-Cy⁶.

In some embodiments, R³ is -Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy⁵.

In some embodiments, R³ is -Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy⁵; wherein Y is C₁₋₄ alkyleneor Y¹¹—C₁₋₄ alkylene; and Y¹¹ is C(═O).

In some embodiments, R³ is -Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy^(5A)-Cy⁶.

In some embodiments, R³ is -Cy^(4A)-Cy^(5A)-Y²-Cy⁶.

In some embodiments, R³ is -Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy^(5A)-Y²-Cy⁶.

In some embodiments, R³ is -Cy^(4A)-Y³-Cy⁶.

In some embodiments, Y¹ is Y¹¹, C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y¹¹, orY¹¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene.

In some embodiments, Y² is Y²¹, C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y²¹, orY²¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene.

In some embodiments, Y³ is C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₁₋₆alkylene-Y³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y³¹, or Y³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene.

In some embodiments, Y¹¹, Y²¹, and Y³¹ are each independently selectedfrom O and NR^(f).

In some embodiments, Cy⁴ is selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyland 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, each of which are optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³¹ groups,provided said 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl is not a saturatedheterocycloalkyl group having one or more nitrogen ring members.

In some embodiments, Cy⁴ is phenyl, cyclohexyl, tetrahydro-2H-pyranring, a piperidine ring, or a pyrrolidine ring, each which is optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected R³¹groups.

In some embodiments, Cy⁴ is selected from C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl, each of which are optionally substituted with1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³¹ groups, provided said 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl is not a saturated heterocycloalkyl grouphaving one or more nitrogen ring members.

In some embodiments, Cy⁴ is C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, which is optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³¹ groups.

In some embodiments, Cy⁴ is selected from C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, which isoptionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³¹groups.

In some embodiments, Cy⁴ is selected from cyclohexyl, each of which isoptionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³¹groups.

In some embodiments, Cy⁴ is a tetrahydro-2H-pyran ring, which isoptionally substituted with 1 or 2 independently selected R³¹ groups.

In some embodiments, Cy⁴ is a cyclohexyl, tetrahydro-2H-pyran ring, or apiperidine ring each which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4substituents independently selected R³¹ groups.

In some embodiments, Cy⁴ is piperidin-4-yl, which is optionallysubstituted with 1 or 2 independently selected R³¹ groups.

In some embodiments, Cy^(4A) is selected from C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene and3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene, each of which are optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³¹ groups,provided said 3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene is not a saturatedheterocycloalkylene group having one or more nitrogen ring members.

In some embodiments, Cy^(4A) is selected from C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene, whichis optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³¹groups.

In some embodiments, Cy^(4A) is selected from C₃₋₇ cycloalkylene, whichis optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³¹groups.

In some embodiments, Cy^(4A) is selected from cyclopropylene,cyclobutylene, cyclopentylene, cyclohexylene, and cycloheptylene, eachof which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independentlyselected R³¹ groups.

In some embodiments, Cy^(4A) is selected from cyclohexylene, each ofwhich is optionally substituted with 1 or 2 independently selected R³¹groups.

In some embodiments, Cy⁵ is 5-10 membered heteroaryl, which isoptionally substituted with 1 or 2 independently selected R³² groups.

In some embodiments, Cy⁵ is 1H-1,2,4-triazolyl, which is optionallysubstituted with 1 or 2 independently selected R³² groups.

In some embodiments, Cy⁵ is 1H-1,2,4-triazolyl.

In some embodiments, Cy⁵ is C₆₋₁₀ aryl or 5-10 membered heteroaryl,which are each optionally substituted with 1 or 2 independently selectedR³² groups.

In some embodiments, Cy⁵ is a pyridine ring, a pyrazole ring, or atriazole ring, each of which is optionally substituted with 1 or 2independently selected R³² groups.

In some embodiments, R³ is Cy⁴, provided that Cy⁴ is not 3-10 memberedsaturated heterocycloalkyl having one or more nitrogen ring members; andR² is selected from H, halo, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, an azetidine ring,C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy,C₁₋₆ alkyl-S—, CN, OC(═O)R^(b), OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a), NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d),C(═NR^(e))R^(b), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d),S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), and S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d);wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, andC₁₋₆ alkyl-S— are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a), SR^(a),C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b),OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d).

In some embodiments:

each R³¹ is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,halo, CN, OR^(a2), and NR^(c2)R^(d2); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl are eachoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, CN, OR^(a2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2),N^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2);

each R^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and

each R^(b2) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆haloalkyl.

In some embodiments:

each R³¹ is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,halo, CN, OR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)OR^(a2), and NR^(c2)R^(d2); whereinsaid C₁₋₆ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from halo, CN, OR^(a2),C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2),NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2), NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and a S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2);

each R^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkylare each optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 CN; and

each R^(b2) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆haloalkyl, which are each optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 CN.

In some embodiments:

each R³¹ is independently selected from CN, OH, F, Cl, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁₋₄alkoxycarbonyl, amino, C₁₋₃ alkylamino, and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, whereinsaid C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁₋₃ alkylamino, and di(C₁₋₃alkyl)amino are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituentsindependently selected from F, Cl, CN, carbamyl, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbamyl,di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)carbamyl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl,amino, C₁₋₃ alkylamino, and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino.

In some embodiments, each R³¹ is independently selected from CN, OH, F,Cl, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, amino,C₁₋₃ alkylamino, and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, wherein said C₁₋₃ alkyl anddi(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl,and C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl.

In some embodiments:

each R³² is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,halo, CN, OR^(a2), and NR^(c2)R^(d2); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl are eachoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, CN, OR^(a2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2);

each R^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and

each R^(b2) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆haloalkyl.

In some embodiments, each R³² is independently selected from CN, OH, F,Cl, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, amino,C₁₋₃ alkylamino, and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, wherein said C₁₋₃ alkyl anddi(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl,and C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl.

In some embodiments:

R² is C₁₋₆ alkyl, which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from halo, CN, OH, C₁₋₆ alkoxy,S(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C(═O)NH₂, C(═O)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl),C(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C(═O)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), OC(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), OC(═O)NH₂,OC(═O)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), OC(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C(═NH)NH₂, C(═NH)NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), C(═NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, NHC(═NH)NH₂, NHC(═NH)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl),NHC(═NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, NH₂, NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂,NHC(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)C(═O) (C₁₋₆ alkyl), NHC(═O)(C₁₋₆alkyl), NHC(═O)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)C(═O)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl),NHC(═O)NH₂, NHC(═O)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), NHC(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, NHS(═O)(C₁₋₆alkyl), N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)S(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), NHS(═O)₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), N(C₁₋₆alkyl)S(═O)₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), NHS(═O)₂NH₂, NHS(═O)₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl),NHS(═O)₂N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, S(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), S(═O)NH₂, S(═O)NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), S(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, S(═O)₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), S(═O)₂NH₂,S(═O)₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), and S(═O)₂N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂;

R³ is Cy⁴ or -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵;

Cy⁴ is selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 memberedheteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₆₋₁₀ aryl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4independently selected R³¹ groups;

Cy^(4A) is selected from C₆₋₁₀ arylene, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene, 5-10membered heteroarylene, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene, whereinsaid C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4independently selected R³¹ groups;

Cy⁵ is selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 memberedheteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₆₋₁₀ aryl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4independently selected R³² groups;

each R³¹ is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,halo, CN, OR^(a2), and NR^(c2)R^(d2); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl are eachoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, CN, OR^(a2), C(═O)N^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2),N^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2);

each R³² is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,halo, CN, OR^(a2), and NR^(c2)R^(d2); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl are eachoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, CN, OR^(a2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂N^(c2)R^(d2);

each R^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;

each R^(b2) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆haloalkyl;

R⁴ is H; and

R⁵ is H.

In some embodiments:

R² is C₁₋₆ alkyl, which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from halo, CN, OR^(a), andNR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b); wherein each R^(a) and R^(c) are independentlyselected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl; and each R^(b) is independently selectedfrom C₁₋₃ alkyl;

R³ is Cy⁴ or -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵;

Cy⁴ is selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 memberedheteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₆₋₁₀ aryl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4independently selected R³¹ groups;

Cy^(4A) is selected from C₆₋₁₀ arylene, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene, 5-10membered heteroarylene, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene, whereinsaid C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4independently selected R³¹ groups;

Cy⁵ is selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 memberedheteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₆₋₁₀ aryl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4independently selected R³² groups;

each R³¹ is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,halo, CN, OR^(a2), and NR^(c2)R^(d2); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl are eachoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, CN, OR^(a2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2),N^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2);

each R³² is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,halo, CN, OR^(a2), and NR^(c2)R^(d2); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl are eachoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, CN, OR^(a2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂Rb², and S(═O)₂N^(c2)R^(d2);

each R^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;

each R^(b2) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆haloalkyl;

R⁴ is H; and

R⁵ is H.

In some embodiments:

R² is C₁₋₆ alkyl, which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from halo, CN, OR^(a), andNR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b); wherein each R^(a) and R^(c) are independentlyselected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl; and each R^(b) is independently selectedfrom C₁₋₃ alkyl;

R³ is Cy⁴ or -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵;

Cy⁴ is selected from C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,or 4 independently selected R³¹ groups, provided said 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl is not a saturated heterocycloalkyl group having one ormore nitrogen ring members;

Cy^(4A) is selected from C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkylene, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2,3, or 4 independently selected R³¹ groups, provided said 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkylene is not a saturated heterocycloalkylene group havingone or more nitrogen ring members;

Cy⁵ is selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 memberedheteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₆₋₁₀ aryl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4independently selected R³² groups;

each R³¹ is independently selected from CN, OH, F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkyl,C₁₋₃haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, amino, C₁₋₃ alkylamino,and di(C₁₋₃alkyl)amino, wherein said C₁₋₃ alkyl and di(C₁₋₃alkyl)aminois optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, and C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl;

each R³² is independently selected from CN, OH, F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkyl,C₁₋₃haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, amino, C₁₋₃ alkylamino,and di(C₁₋₃alkyl)amino, wherein said C₁₋₃ alkyl and di(C₁₋₃alkyl)aminois optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, and C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl;

R⁴ is H; and

R⁵ is H.

In some embodiments:

R² is —CH₂—OH, —CH(CH₃)—OH, or —CH₂—NHSO₂CH₃; R³ is Cy⁴ or -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵;

Cy⁴ is selected from C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,or 4 independently selected R³¹ groups, provided said 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl is not a saturated heterocycloalkyl group having one ormore nitrogen ring members;

Cy^(4A) is selected from C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkylene, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2,3, or 4 independently selected R³¹ groups, provided said 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkylene is not a saturated heterocycloalkylene group havingone or more nitrogen ring members;

Cy⁵ is selected from 5-10 membered heteroaryl, which is optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³² groups;

each R³¹ is independently selected from CN, OH, F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkyl,C₁₋₃haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, amino, C₁₋₃ alkylamino,and di(C₁₋₃alkyl)amino, wherein said C₁₋₃ alkyl and di(C₁₋₃alkyl)aminois optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, and C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl;

each R³² is independently selected from CN, OH, F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkyl,C₁₋₃haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, amino, C₁₋₃ alkylamino,and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, wherein said C₁₋₃ alkyl and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)aminois optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, and C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl;

R⁴ is H; and

R⁵ is H.

In some embodiments:

R² is —CH₂—OH, —CH(CH₃)—OH, or —CH₂—NHSO₂CH₃; R³ is Cy⁴;

Cy⁴ is selected from C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,or 4 independently selected R³¹ groups, provided said 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl is not a saturated heterocycloalkyl group having one ormore nitrogen ring members;

each R³¹ is independently selected from CN, OH, F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, amino, C₁₋₃ alkylamino, anddi(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, wherein said C₁₋₃ alkyl and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino isoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, and C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl;

R⁴ is H; and

R⁵ is H.

In some embodiments:

R² is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl, wherein said methyl,ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl are each optionally optionally substitutedwith 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from halo, CN,OR^(a), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), and NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b); whereineach R^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) are independently selected from H, methyl,and ethyl; and each R^(b) is independently selected from methyl andethyl; or

alternatively, R² is cyclopropyl or an azetidine ring, each of which isoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R²¹groups;

each R²¹ is independently C₁₋₃ alkyl;

R³ is Cy⁴, -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵, or -Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy⁵;

Y¹ is C₁₋₄ alkylene or Y¹¹—C₁₋₄ alkylene;

Y¹¹ is C(═O);

Cy⁴ is selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,or 4 independently selected R³¹ group, provided said 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkylene is not a saturated heterocycloalkylene group havingone or more nitrogen ring members;

Cy^(4A) is selected from C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkylene, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2,3, or 4 independently selected R³¹ groups, provided said 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkylene is not a saturated heterocycloalkylene group havingone or more nitrogen ring members;

Cy⁵ is C₆₋₁₀ aryl or 5-10 membered heteroaryl, which are each optionallysubstituted with 1 or 2 independently selected R³² groups;

each R³¹ or R³² are each independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆haloalkyl, halo, CN, OR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)OR^(a2), andNR^(c2)R^(d2); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl are each optionally substitutedwith 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from halo, CN,OR^(a2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2), NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), andS(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2);

each R^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkylare each optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 CN;

each R^(b2) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆haloalkyl, which are each optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 CN;

R⁴ is H; and

R⁵ is H.

In some embodiments:

R² is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl, wherein said methyl,ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl are each optionally optionally substitutedwith 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from halo, CN,OR^(a), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), and NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b); whereineach R^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) are independently selected from H, methyl,and ethyl; and each R^(b) is independently selected from methyl andethyl; or

alternatively, R² is cyclopropyl or an azetidine ring, each of which isoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R²¹groups;

provided that when X¹

X²

X³ is —N═CR²—NR³—, X⁴ is C, and X⁵ is C; and Cy⁴ is unsubstituted orsubstituted 3-10 membered saturated heterocycloalkylene having one ormore nitrogen atoms or Cy^(4A) is unsubstituted or substituted 3-10membered saturated heterocycloalkylene having one or more nitrogenatoms, then R² is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl,wherein said methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl are each optionallyoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, CN, OR^(a), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), andNR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b); wherein each R^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) areindependently selected from H, methyl, and ethyl; and each R^(b) isindependently selected from methyl and ethyl;

each R²¹ is independently C₁₋₃ alkyl;

R³ is Cy⁴, -Cy^(4A)-C⁵-Cy⁵, or -Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy⁵;

Y¹ is C₁₋₄ alkylene, Y¹¹-C₁₋₄ alkylene, or C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y¹¹;

Y¹¹ is C(═O) or NHC(═O)O;

Cy⁴ is selected from phenyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, and 4-6 memberedheterocycloalkyl, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,or 4 independently selected R³¹ group; Cy^(4A) is selected from C₃₋₇cycloalkylene and 4-6 membered heterocycloalkylene, each of which areoptionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³¹groups;

Cy⁵ is phenyl, 4-6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5-6 memberedheteroaryl, which are each optionally substituted with 1 or 2independently selected R³² groups;

each R³¹ or R³² are each independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆haloalkyl, halo, CN, OR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)OR^(a2), andNR^(c2)R^(d2); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl are each optionally substitutedwith 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from halo, CN,OR^(a2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2), NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), andS(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2);

each R^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkylare each optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 CN;

each R^(b2) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆haloalkyl, which are each optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 CN;

R⁴ is H; and

R⁵ is H.

In some embodiments:

R² is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl, wherein said methyl,ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl are each optionally optionally substitutedwith 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from halo, CN,OR^(a), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), and NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b); whereineach R^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) are independently selected from H, methyl,and ethyl; and each R^(b) is independently selected from methyl andethyl; or

alternatively, R² is cyclopropyl or an azetidine ring, each of which isoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R²¹groups;

provided that when X¹

X²

X³ is —N═CR²—NR³—, X⁴ is C, and X⁵ is C; and Cy⁴ is unsubstituted orsubstituted 3-10 membered saturated heterocycloalkylene having one ormore nitrogen atoms or Cy^(4A) is unsubstituted or substituted 3-10membered saturated heterocycloalkylene having one or more nitrogenatoms, then R² is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl,wherein said methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl are each optionallyoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, CN, OR^(a), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), andNR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b); wherein each R^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) areindependently selected from H, methyl, and ethyl; and each R^(b) isindependently selected from methyl and ethyl;

each R²¹ is independently C₁₋₃ alkyl;

R³ is Cy⁴, -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵, or -Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy⁵;

Y¹ is C₁₋₄ alkylene or Y¹¹—C₁₋₄ alkylene;

Y¹¹ is C(═O);

Cy⁴ is selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,or 4 independently selected R³¹ group;

Cy^(4A) is selected from C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkylene, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2,3, or 4 independently selected R³¹ groups;

Cy⁵ is C₆₋₁₀ aryl or 5-10 membered heteroaryl, which are each optionallysubstituted with 1 or 2 independently selected R³² groups;

each R³¹ or R³² are each independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆haloalkyl, halo, CN, OR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)OR^(a2), andNR^(c2)R^(d2); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl are each optionally substitutedwith 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from halo, CN,OR^(a2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2), NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), andS(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2);

each R^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkylare each optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 CN;

each R^(b2) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆haloalkyl, which are each optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 CN;

R⁴ is H; and

R⁵ is H.

In some embodiments:

R² is —CH₂—OH, —CH(CH₃)—OH, or —CH₂—NHSO₂CH₃;

R³ is -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵;

Cy^(4A) is selected from C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkylene, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2,3, or 4 independently selected R³¹ groups, provided said 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkylene is not a saturated heterocycloalkylene group havingone or more nitrogen ring members;

Cy⁵ is selected from 5-10 membered heteroaryl, which is optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³² groups;

each R³¹ is independently selected from CN, OH, F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, amino, C₁₋₃ alkylamino, anddi(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, wherein said C₁₋₃ alkyl and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino isoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, and C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl;

each R³² is independently selected from CN, OH, F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, amino, C₁₋₃ alkylamino, anddi(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, wherein said C₁₋₃ alkyl and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino isoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, and C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl;

R⁴ is H; and

R⁵ is H.

In some embodiments:

R² is —CH₂—OH, —CH(CH₃)—OH, or —CH₂—NHSO₂CH₃;

R³ is Cy⁴ or -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵;

Cy⁴ is selected from cyclohexylene and a 2H-tetrahydrofuran ring, eachof which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independentlyselected R³¹ groups;

Cy^(4A) is selected from cyclohexylene and a 2H-tetrahydrofuran ring,each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4independently selected R³¹ groups;

Cy⁵ is selected from 5-10 membered heteroaryl, which is optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³² groups;

each R³¹ is independently selected from CN, OH, F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, amino, C₁₋₃ alkylamino, anddi(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, wherein said C₁₋₃ alkyl and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino isoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, and C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl;

each R³² is independently selected from CN, OH, F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, amino, C₁₋₃ alkylamino, anddi(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, wherein said C₁₋₃ alkyl and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino isoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, and C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl;

R⁴ is H; and

R⁵ is H.

In some embodiments:

X¹

X²

X³ is —N═CR²—NR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is —CR¹═CR²—NR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is —CR¹R^(1a)—C(C═O)—NR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is —O—C(C═O)—NR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is ═N—CR²═CR³—, X⁴ is N, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴.

In some embodiments:

X¹

X²

X³ is —N═CR²—NR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is —CR¹═CR²—NR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is —CR¹R^(1a)—C(C═O)—NR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is —O—C(C═O)—NR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is ═N—CR²═CR³—, X⁴ is N, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is —N═N—NR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is —NR¹—C(C═O)—NR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is —N═CR²—CR³=, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is N, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is —CR¹═CR²—CR³=, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is N, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is ═N—N═CR³—, X⁴ is N, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is ═CR¹—N═CR³—, X⁴ is N, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is ═CR¹—CR²═CR³—, X⁴ is N, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is —CR¹═N—NR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is —O—N═CR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is —NR¹—N═CR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is —S—N═CR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is —O—CR²═CR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is —S—CR²═CR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is ═N—NR²—CR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or

X¹

X²

X³ is —C(═O)—NR²—CR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴.

In some embodiments, X¹

X²

X³ is —CR¹═CR²—NR³—, X⁴ is C, and X⁵ is C.

In some embodiments, X¹

X²

X³ is —CR¹R^(1a)—C(C═O)—NR³—, X⁴ is C, and X⁵ is C.

In some embodiments, X¹

X²

X³ is —O—C(C═O)—NR³—, X⁴ is C, and X⁵ is C.

In some embodiments, X¹

X²

X³ is ═N—CR²═CR³—, X⁴ is N, and X⁵ is C.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula IIa:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula IIb:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula IIc:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula IId:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula He:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula IIf:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula IIIa:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula IIIb:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula IIIc:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of any one of FormulasIV-1 to IV-18:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of any one of FormulaIV-19 to IV-28:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula V:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula VI:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula VII:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula VIII:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula IX:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula X:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

It is further appreciated that certain features of the invention, whichare, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, canalso be provided in combination in a single embodiment (while theembodiments are intended to be combined as if written in multiplydependent form). Conversely, various features of the invention whichare, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, canalso be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination.

At various places in the present specification, substituents ofcompounds of the invention are disclosed in groups or in ranges. It isspecifically intended that the invention include each and everyindividual subcombination of the members of such groups and ranges. Forexample, the term “C₁₋₆ alkyl” is specifically intended to individuallydisclose methyl, ethyl, C₃ alkyl, C₄ alkyl, C₅ alkyl, and C₆ alkyl.

At various places in the present specification, linking substituents aredescribed. Where the structure clearly requires a linking group, theMarkush variables listed for that group are understood to be linkinggroups. For example, if the structure requires a linking group and theMarkush group definition for that variable lists “alkyl” or “aryl” thenit is to be understood that the “alkyl” or “aryl” represents a linkingalkylene group or arylene group, respectively.

At various places in the present specification, rings are described(e.g., “a piperidine ring”). Unless otherwise specified, these rings canbe attached to the rest of the molecule at any ring member as permittedby valency. For example, the term “a 2H-tetrahydropyran ring” may referto a 2H-tetrahydropyran-2-yl, 2H-tetrahydropyran-3-yl,2H-tetrahydropyran-4-yl ring, etc.

The term “n-membered” where n is an integer typically describes thenumber of ring-forming atoms in a moiety where the number ofring-forming atoms is n. For example, 2H-tetrahydropyran is an exampleof a 6-membered heterocycloalkyl ring, 1H-1,2,4-triazole is an exampleof a 5-membered heteroaryl ring, pyridine is an example of a 6-memberedheteroaryl ring, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene is an example of a10-membered cycloalkyl group.

For compounds of the invention in which a variable appears more thanonce, each variable can be a different moiety independently selectedfrom the group defining the variable. For example, where a structure isdescribed having two R groups that are simultaneously present on thesame compound, the two R groups can represent different moietiesindependently selected from the group defined for R. In another example,when an optionally multiple substituent is designated in the form:

then it is to be understood that substituent R can occur p number oftimes on the ring, and R can be a different moiety at each occurrence.It is to be understood that each R group may replace any hydrogen atomattached to a ring atom, including one or both of the (CH₂)_(n) hydrogenatoms. Further, in the above example, should the variable Q be definedto include hydrogens, such as when Q is said to be CH₂, NH, etc., anyfloating substituent such as R in the above example, can replace ahydrogen of the Q variable as well as a hydrogen in any othernon-variable component of the ring.

As used herein, the phrase “optionally substituted” means unsubstitutedor substituted. As used herein, the term “substituted” means that ahydrogen atom is removed and replaced by a substituent. It is to beunderstood that substitution at a given atom is limited by valency.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkyl”, employed alone or incombination with other terms, refers to a saturated hydrocarbon groupthat may be straight-chain or branched, having n to m carbon atoms. Insome embodiments, the alkyl group contains 1 to 6, 1 to 4 or 1 to 3carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl moieties include, but are not limitedto, chemical groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl,isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-pentyl,n-hexyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, and the like.

As used herein, the term “alkylene”, employed alone or in combinationwith other terms, refers to a divalent alkyl linking group, which can bebranched or straight-chain, where the two substituents may be attachedany position of the alkylene linking group. Examples of alkylene groupsinclude, but are not limited to, ethan-1,2-diyl, propan-1,3-diyl,propan-1,2-diyl, butan-1,4-diyl, butan-1,3-diyl, butan-1,2-diyl,2-methyl-propan-1,3-diyl, and the like.

As used herein, “C_(n-m) alkenyl” refers to an alkyl group having one ormore double carbon-carbon bonds and having n to m carbons. In someembodiments, the alkenyl moiety contains 2 to 6, 2 to 4, or 2 to 3carbon atoms. Example alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to,ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-butenyl, sec-butenyl, and the like.

As used herein, “C_(n-m) alkynyl” refers to an alkyl group having one ormore triple carbon-carbon bonds and having n to m carbons. Examplealkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propyn-1-yl,propyn-2-yl, and the like. In some embodiments, the alkynyl moietycontains 2 to 6, 2 to 4, or 2 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “alkenylene”, employed alone or in combinationwith other terms, refers to a divalent alkenyl linking group, which canbe branched or straight-chain, where the two substituents may beattached any position of the alkenylene linking group.

As used herein, the term “alkynylene”, employed alone or in combinationwith other terms, refers to a divalent alkynyl linking group, which canbe branched or straight-chain, where the two substituents may beattached any position of the alkynylene linking group.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₃ alkoxy”, employed alone or in combinationwith other terms, refers to a group of formula —O-alkyl, wherein thealkyl group has 1 to 3 carbons. Example alkoxy groups include methoxy,ethoxy, and propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy and isopropoxy).

As used herein, the term “amino” refers to a group of formula —NH₂.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₃ alkylamino” refers to a group of formula—), wherein the alkyl group 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “di(C₁₋₃-alkyl)amino” refers to a group offormula —)₂, wherein the two alkyl groups each has, independently, 1 to3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₄ alkoxycarbonyl” refers to a group offormula —C(O)O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonyl” refers to a group offormula —C(O)-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “carboxy” refers to a group of formula —C(O)OH.

As used herein, the term “thio” refers to a group of formula —SH.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₃ alkylthio” refers to a group of formula—S—(C₁₋₃ alkyl).

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₃ alkylsulfinyl” refers to a group offormula —S(O)-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl” refers to a group offormula —S(O)₂-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonyloxy” refers to a group offormula —OC(O)-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonylamino” refers to a group offormula —NHC(O)-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “aminocarbonylamino” refers to a group offormula —NHC(O)NH₂.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₃ alkylaminocarbonylamino,” refers to agroup of formula —NHC(O)NH(alkyl), wherein said alkyl has 1 to 3 carbonatoms.

As used herein, the term “di(C₁₋₃ alkylaminocarbonylamino” refers to agroup of formula —NHC(O)N(alkyl)₂, wherein each alkyl independently has1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “carbamyl” refers to a group of formula—C(O)—NH₂.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₃ alkylcarbamyl” refers to a group offormula —C(O)—NH(alkyl), wherein the alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbonatoms.

As used herein, the term “di(C₁₋₃-alkyl)carbamyl” refers to a group offormula —C(O)N(alkyl)₂, wherein the two alkyl groups each has,independently, 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonylamino” refers to a group offormula —NHS(O)₂-alkyl, wherein said alkyl has 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “aminosulfonyl” refers to a group of formula—S(O)₂NH₂.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl” refers to a group offormula —S(O)₂NH(alkyl), wherein said alkyl has 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)aminosulfonyl” refers to a groupof formula —S(O)₂N(alkyl)₂, wherein each alkyl independently has 1 to 3carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “aminosulfonylamino” refers to a group offormula —NHS(O)₂NH₂.

As used herein, the term “C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonylamino,” refers to agroup of formula —NHS(O)₂NH(alkyl), wherein said alkyl has 1 to 3 carbonatoms.

As used herein, the term “di(C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonylamino” refers to agroup of formula —NHS(O)₂N(alkyl)₂, wherein each alkyl independently has1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “HO—C_(n-m)-alkyl” refers to a group of formula-alkylene-OH, wherein said alkylene group has n to m carbon atoms. Insome embodiments, the alkylene group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(o-p) alkoxy-C_(n-m)-alkyl” refers to agroup of formula -alkylene-O-alkyl, wherein said alkylene group has n tom carbon atoms and said alkyl group has o to p carbon atoms. In someembodiments, the alkyl and alkylene groups each independently have 1 to3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “carbonyl”, employed alone or in combinationwith other terms, refers to a —C(O)— group.

As used herein, “halo” or “halogen”, employed alone or in combinationwith other terms, includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) haloalkyl”, employed alone or incombination with other terms, refers to an C_(n-m) alkyl group having upto {2(n to m)+1} halogen atoms which may either be the same ordifferent. In some embodiments, the halogen atoms are fluoro atoms. Insome embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.Example haloalkyl groups include CF₃, C₂F₅, CHF₂, CCl₃, CHCl₂, C₂Cl₅,and the like. In some embodiments, the haloalkyl group is a fluoroalkylgroup.

As used herein, “C_(n-m) haloalkoxy” refers to a group of formula—O-haloalkyl having n to m carbon atoms. An example haloalkoxy group isOCF₃. In some embodiments, the haloalkoxy group is fluorinated only. Insome embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “cyano-C_(n-m) alkyl” refers to a C_(n-m) alkylsubstituted by a cyano group. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1to 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the appearance of the term “monocyclic” before the nameof a moiety indicates that the moiety has a single ring.

As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl”, employed alone or in combinationwith other terms, refers to a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon moiety,which may optionally contain one or more alkenylene groups as part ofthe ring structure. Cycloalkyl groups can include mono- or polycyclic(e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused, spirocyclic, or bridged rings) ringsystems. Also included in the definition of cycloalkyl are moieties thathave one or more aromatic rings fused (i.e., having a bond in commonwith) to the cycloalkyl ring, for example, benzo derivatives ofcyclopentane, cyclopentene, cyclohexane, and the like. One or morering-forming carbon atoms of a cycloalkyl group can be oxidized to formcarbonyl linkages. In some embodiments, cycloalkyl is a 3-10 memberedcycloalkyl, which is monocyclic or bicyclic. In some embodiments,cycloalkyl is a 3-6 or 3-7 monocyclic cycloalkyl. Examplary cycloalkylgroups include 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl,cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptatrienyl, norbornyl, norpinyl, norcarnyl,adamantyl, and the like. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group iscyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.

As used herein, the term “aryl”, employed alone or in combination withother terms, refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or4 fused rings) aromatic hydrocarbon, such as, but not limited to,phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, and thelike. In some embodiments, aryl is C₆₋₁₀ aryl. In some embodiments, thearyl group is a naphthalene ring or phenyl ring. In some embodiments,the aryl group is phenyl.

As used herein, the term “heteroaryl”, employed alone or in combinationwith other terms, refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., having 2,3 or 4 fused rings) aromatic hydrocarbon moiety, having one or moreheteroatom ring members selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. Insome embodiments, heteroaryl is a 5-10 membered heteroaryl, which ismonocyclic or bicyclic, comprising 1 to 9 carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, or 4heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur andoxygen. In some embodiments, heteroaryl is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl,which is monocyclic or bicyclic, comprising 1 to 5 carbon atoms and 1,2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen,sulfur, and oxygen. When the heteroaryl group contains more than oneheteroatom ring member, the heteroatoms may be the same or different.Example heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridine,pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrrole, pyrazole, azolyl, oxazole,thiazole, imidazole, furan, thiophene, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole,benzothiophene, benzofuran, benzisoxazole, imidazo[1,2-b]thiazole,purine, or the like.

A five-membered ring heteroaryl is a heteroaryl with a ring having fivering atoms wherein one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) ring atoms areindependently selected from N, O, and S. Exemplary five-membered ringheteroaryls are thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl,oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl,tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl,1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl,1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, and 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl.

A six-membered ring heteroaryl is a heteroaryl with a ring having sixring atoms wherein one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) ring atoms areindependently selected from N, O, and S. Exemplary six-membered ringheteroaryls are pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl andpyridazinyl.

As used herein, the term “heteroarylalkyl” refers to a group of formula-alkylene-heteroaryl. In some embodiments, heteroarylalkyl is C₁₋₉heteroaryl-C₁₋₃ alkyl, wherein the heteroaryl portion is monocyclic orbicyclic and has 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring members independentlyselected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen.

As used herein, the term “heterocycloalkyl”, employed alone or incombination with other terms, refers to non-aromatic ring system, whichmay optionally contain one or more alkenylene or alkynylene groups aspart of the ring structure, and which has at least one heteroatom ringmember independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. When theheterocycloalkyl groups contains more than one heteroatom, theheteroatoms may be the same or different. Heterocycloalkyl groups caninclude mono- or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused, spirocyclic,or bridged rings) ring systems. Also included in the definition ofheterocycloalkyl are moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused(i.e., having a bond in common with) to the non-aromatic ring, forexample, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline and the like. The carbon atoms orheteroatoms in the ring(s) of the heterocycloalkyl group can be oxidizedto form a carbonyl, or sulfonyl group (or other oxidized linkage) or anitrogen atom can be quaternized. In some embodiments, heterocycloalkylis 5-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, which is monocyclic or bicyclic,comprising 2 to 9 carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring membersindependently selected from nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. Examples ofheterocycloalkyl groups include 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline, azetidine,azepane, pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine,thiomorpholine, pyran, and a 2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidine ring.

As used herein, the term “heterocycloalkylalkyl” refers to a group offormula -alkylene-heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments,heterocycloalkylalkyl is C₂₋₉ heterocycloalkyl-C₁₋₃ alkyl, wherein theheterocycloalkyl portion is monocyclic or bicyclic and has 1, 2, 3, or 4heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur andoxygen.

The compounds described herein can be asymmetric (e.g., having one ormore stereocenters). All stereoisomers, such as enantiomers anddiastereomers, are intended unless otherwise indicated. Compounds of thepresent invention that contain asymmetrically substituted carbon atomscan be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. Methods on how toprepare optically active forms from optically inactive startingmaterials are known in the art, such as by resolution of racemicmixtures or by stereoselective synthesis. Many geometric isomers ofolefins, C═N double bonds, and the like can also be present in thecompounds described herein, and all such stable isomers are contemplatedin the present invention. Cis and trans geometric isomers of thecompounds of the present invention are described and may be isolated asa mixture of isomers or as separated isomeric forms.

Resolution of racemic mixtures of compounds can be carried out by any ofnumerous methods known in the art. An example method includes fractionalrecrystallizaion using a chiral resolving acid which is an opticallyactive, salt-forming organic acid. Suitable resolving agents forfractional recrystallization methods are, for example, optically activeacids, such as the D and L forms of tartaric acid, diacetyltartaricacid, dibenzoyltartaric acid, mandelic acid, malic acid, lactic acid orthe various optically active camphorsulfonic acids such asβ-camphorsulfonic acid. Other resolving agents suitable for fractionalcrystallization methods include stereoisomerically pure forms ofα-methylbenzylamine (e.g., S and R forms, or diastereomerically pureforms), 2-phenylglycinol, norephedrine, ephedrine, N-methylephedrine,cyclohexylethylamine, 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, and the like.

Resolution of racemic mixtures can also be carried out by elution on acolumn packed with an optically active resolving agent (e.g.,dinitrobenzoylphenylglycine). Suitable elution solvent composition canbe determined by one skilled in the art.

Compounds of the invention also include tautomeric forms. Tautomericforms result from the swapping of a single bond with an adjacent doublebond together with the concomitant migration of a proton. Tautomericforms include prototropic tautomers which are isomeric protonationstates having the same empirical formula and total charge. Exampleprototropic tautomers include ketone—enol pairs, amide—imidic acidpairs, lactam lactim pairs, enamine imine pairs, and annular forms wherea proton can occupy two or more positions of a heterocyclic system, forexample, 1H- and 3H-imidazole, 1H-, 2H- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole, 1H- and2H-isoindole, and 1H- and 2H-pyrazole. Tautomeric forms can be inequilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriatesubstitution.

Compounds of the invention can also include all isotopes of atomsoccurring in the intermediates or final compounds. Isotopes includethose atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.For example, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium. In someembodiments, 1, 2, or 3 CH₂ groups in the azetidine ring of Formula Iare replaced by a CHD or CD₂ group. In some embodiments, 1, 2, or 3 CH₂or CH groups in the piperidine ring of Formula I are replaced by a CHD,CD₂ or CD group, respectively. In some embodiments, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 CH₂or CH groups in the piperidine ring of Formula I are replaced by a CHD,CD₂ or CD group, respectively.

The term, “compound,” as used herein is meant to include allstereoisomers, geometric iosomers, tautomers, and isotopes of thestructures depicted.

All compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can befound together with other substances such as water and solvents (e.g.,hydrates and solvates) or can be isolated.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention, or salts thereof,are substantially isolated. By “substantially isolated” is meant thatthe compound is at least partially or substantially separated from theenvironment in which it was formed or detected. Partial separation caninclude, for example, a composition enriched in the compounds of theinvention. Substantial separation can include compositions containing atleast about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, or atleast about 99% by weight of the compounds of the invention, or saltthereof. Methods for isolating compounds and their salts are routine inthe art.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer tothose compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are,within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contactwith the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity,irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication,commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The expressions, “ambient temperature” and “room temperature,” as usedherein, are understood in the art, and refer generally to a temperature,e.g. a reaction temperature, that is about the temperature of the roomin which the reaction is carried out, for example, a temperature fromabout 20° C. to about 30° C.

The present invention also includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts ofthe compounds described herein. As used herein, “pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts” refers to derivatives of the disclosed compoundswherein the parent compound is modified by converting an existing acidor base moiety to its salt form. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptablesalts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts ofbasic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidicresidues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. The pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts of the present invention include the non-toxic salts ofthe parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic ororganic acids. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the presentinvention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains abasic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, suchsalts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of thesecompounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acidin water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two;generally, non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, alcohols (e.g.,methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, or butanol) or acetonitrile (ACN) arepreferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa.,1985, p. 1418 and Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 66, 2 (1977), eachof which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In someembodiments, the compounds described herein include the N-oxide forms.

Synthesis

Compounds of the invention, including salts thereof, can be preparedusing known organic synthesis techniques and can be synthesizedaccording to any of numerous possible synthetic routes, such as those inthe Schemes below. The reactions for preparing compounds of theinvention can be carried out in suitable solvents which can be readilyselected by one of skill in the art of organic synthesis. Suitablesolvents can be substantially non-reactive with the starting materials(reactants), the intermediates, or products at the temperatures at whichthe reactions are carried out, e.g., temperatures which can range fromthe solvent's freezing temperature to the solvent's boiling temperature.A given reaction can be carried out in one solvent or a mixture of morethan one solvent. Depending on the particular reaction step, suitablesolvents for a particular reaction step can be selected by the skilledartisan.

Preparation of compounds of the invention can involve the protection anddeprotection of various chemical groups. The need for protection anddeprotection, and the selection of appropriate protecting groups, can bereadily determined by one skilled in the art. The chemistry ofprotecting groups can be found, for example, in Wuts and Greene,Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons: NewJersey, (2007), which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

Reactions can be monitored according to any suitable method known in theart. For example, product formation can be monitored by spectroscopicmeans, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g., ¹H or¹³C), infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible), massspectrometry, or by chromatographic methods such as high performanceliquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography (TLC).

Compounds of Formula I can be synthesized by procedures analogous tothose in the schemes below. When X¹—X²—X³ is —N═CR²—NR³—, X⁴ is C, andX⁵ is C, compounds of Formula I can be prepared as illustrated inScheme 1. Appropriately substituted thienopyridines 1 can be subjectedto nitration under conditions such as tetrabutylammonium nitrate andtrifluoroacetic anhydride in dichloromethane or nitric acid in sulfuricacid to give compounds of formula 2. Reaction of thienopyridinols 2 inheated POCl₃ or other suitable chlorination conditions such asPOCl₃/PCl₅ provides the corresponding chlorides 3. Coupling of compounds3 with an appropriate R³—NH₂ in the presence of a suitable base such asdiisopropylethylamine affords compounds 4. Reduction of nitro compounds4 using catalytic hydrogenation conditions with catalyst such aspalladium or nickel or using iron or other suitable reducing conditionsyields the corresponding diamines 5. Condensation of compounds 5 with anappropriate amide (activated with triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate)generates the desired compounds 6. The diamine can also react with anappropriate acid R²CO₂H under coupling conditions to give an amideintermediate which subsequently can be transformed compounds 6 via anintermolecular condensation. The R² and R³ can be further modified todesired groups. Alternatively, the R³ can be further transformed togroups disclosed in the invention via modification on compounds 4 and 5.

When X¹—X²—X³ is —CR¹═CR²—NR³—, X⁴ is C, and X⁵ is C, compounds ofFormula I can be prepared as illustrated in Scheme 2. Appropriatelysubstituted thienopyridines 1 can react with N-iodosuccinimide to givecompounds 7. Reaction of thienopyridinols 7 in heated POCl₃ or othersuitable chlorination conditions such as POCl₃/PCl₅ provides thecorresponding chlorides 8. Reaction of the iodo compounds 8 with anappropriate alkyne compound catalyzed by a suitable palladium and coppercatalyst such as bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride andcopper(I) iodide affords compounds 9. Condensation of 9 with R³—NH₂ inthe presence of suitable coupling conditions such as palladium acetate,(9,9-dimethyl-9H-xanthene-4,5-diyObis(diphenylphosphine) and cesiumcarbonate in toluene generates an amine coupling intermediate whichcyclizes in situ with alkyne to furnish compounds of formula 10. Thesubstitution R² can be introduced by halogenation, nitration ornucleophilic addition of the pyrole ring. Further modifications of R¹,R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ can be achieved in each step using methods known toone skilled in the art.

When X¹—X²—X³ is —O—C(O)—NR³—, X⁴ is C, and X⁵ is C, compounds ofFormula I can be prepared as illustrated in Scheme 3. Thienopyridines 11can be reacted with NaOC1 to yield the corresponding chlorinatedcompounds 12. Alternatively, 11 can be converted to N-oxide whichsubsequently can be converted to 12 in the HCl or POCl₃ conditions.Protection of the hydroxyl group in 12 using conditions known to oneskilled in the art gives ether compound 13. Reaction 13 with R³NH₂ undercoupling conditions such as palladium acetate,(9,9-dimethyl-9H-xanthene-4,5-diyl)bis(diphenylphosphine) and cesiumcarbonate in toluene can generate compounds 14. Deprotection of 14 withboron tribromide gives compounds 15. Treatment of 15 with triphosgene orcarbonyl diimidazole then provides compounds of formula 16.

When X¹—X²—X³ is ═N—CR²═CR³—, X⁴ is N, and X⁵ is C, compounds of FormulaI can be prepared as illustrated in Scheme 4. Reaction ofthienopyrazines 17 with hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid gives anN-oxide intermediate which upon treatment with phosphorous oxychlorideprovides compounds 18. Substitution of chloride with Boc-NH₂ underBuchwald conditions yields compounds 19. Alkylation of carbamates 19with appropriately substituted 2-halomethyl ketone [halo-CH₂C(O)R³] bymethods known to one skilled in the art gives compounds 20. The latercan be further converted to corresponding substituted compounds 21 understandard alkylation or aldo-condensation conditions if necessary. Thedeprotection of 21 to 22 can be accomplished using conditions such astrifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane or HCl in dioxane. Cyclizationof 22 to compounds 23 can be accomplished by methods known to oneskilled in the art, for example treatment with trifluoroacetic anhydrideand trifluoroacetic acid mixture. Further functionalization of R², R³,R⁴, R⁵ can be performed, if desired, using reactions know to one skilledin the art (for example, Larock, R. C. Comprehensive OrganicTransformation).

Alternatively, compounds of formula 23 can be synthesized as shown inScheme 5. Compounds 19 from Scheme 4 can be treated with trifluoroaceticacid or HCl in dioxane to give deprotected compounds 24. Condensation of24 with alpha-halo-ketone in the presence of a suitable base thenaffords the desired compounds 23.

When X¹—X²—X³ is —N═N—NR³—, X⁴ is C, and X⁵ is C, compounds of Formula Ican be prepared by reacting compounds 5 from Scheme 1 with adiazoniation reagent such as butyl nitrite in the presence of copper(II)bromide, as illustrated in Scheme 6.

When X¹—X²—X³ is —N═CR²—CR³=, X⁴ is C, and X⁵ is N, compounds of formulaI can be prepared as illustrated in Scheme 7. Tribromopyrazoles 28 canbe protected with a suitable protective group such as SEM to givecorresponding compounds 29. Lithium-halogen exchange of 29 with butyllithium then quenched with a suitable alkylation reagent (for exampleR²-halo) or electrophile (for example an aldehyde) provides compounds30. Reaction of 30 with a lithium reagent such as butyl lithium followedby aqueous work up affords monobromo-pyrazoles 31. Suzuki reaction of 31with borates 27 (prepared from bromide 26 by reacting with pinacolborate in the presence of a suitable palladium catalyst) can givecoupling compounds 32. Bromination of 32 can yield compounds 33, whichcan be reduced with iron to provide amines 34. Deprotection of SEM canbe achieved using methods known to one skilled in the art, such asreacting with trifluoroacetic acid followed by treatment with ammoniumhydroxide. Condensation of 35 with ortho esters then generates tricycliccompounds 36. The later can be subjected to coupling conditions such asSuzuki coupling conditions to provide compounds of formula 37. Furthermodifications of substitutions, if desired, may be performed by methodsknown by one skilled in the art.

When X¹—X²—X³ is ═N—N═CR³—, X⁴ is N, and X⁵ is C, compounds of Formula Ican be prepared as illustrated in Scheme 8. Substituted hydrazines 38can be prepared by reaction of compounds 18 with an appropriatelyprotected hydrazine (for example Boc-NHNH₂) under Buchwald-Hartwigamination conditions. Deprotection of compounds 38 can be performedusing conditions such as those described in Greene, T. W. and Wats, P.G. M. “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) Edition”, 1999,Wiley-Interscience. For example when P is Boc, compounds 38 can bedeprotected to 39 by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid or HCl indioxane. The formation of hydrazides 40 from 39 may be accomplished by avariety of methods known to one skilled in the art, such as standardpeptide coupling methods. The hydrazides 40 can be cyclized to compoundsof formula 41 by reacting with POCl₃ or with thionyl chloride in thepresence of a suitable base (for example triethylamine)

When X¹—X²—X³ is ═CR¹—N═CR³—, X⁴ is N, and X⁵ is C, compounds of FormulaI can be prepared as illustrated in Scheme 9. Thienopyrazines 18 can beconverted to cyano compounds 42 via Pd-mediated cyanation, such as zinccynide in the presence of palladium(II) trifluoroacetate andracemic-2-(di-tert-butylphosphino)-1,1′-binapthyl. Subsequent reductionof nitriles 42 gives amines 43 using well known conditions such aspalladium catalyzed hydrogenation in the presence of HCl. The couplingof amines 43 with acids R³CO₂H can be achieved under standard amidecoupling conditions such as HATU/diisopropylethylamine Cyclization ofamides 44 to the tricylic compounds of formula 45 can be accomplished byconversion to the corresponding thioamide (by reacting with Lawesson'sreagent, for example) followed by treatment with an activating agent(such as a mercury salt, a silver salt or a copper salt).

When X¹—X²—X³ is —NR¹—N═CR³—, X⁴ is C, and X⁵ is C, compounds of FormulaI can be prepared as illustrated in Scheme 10. Commercially availablechlorothieopyridines 46 can be converted to the corresponding iodoanalogs 47 through treatment with sodium iodide at elevated temperature.Reaction iodothienopyridines 47 with butyl lithium or other metalreagents followed by treatment with a suitable aldehyde R³CHO providesalcohols 48. Preparation of ketones 49 can be accomplished by treating48 with an oxidizing agent such as Dess-Martin periodinane. Ketones 49can then be transformed to hydrazones 50 through reaction withhydrazine. Cyclization of hydrazones 50 to tricyclic compounds 51 can beachieved via an intramolecular Buchwald-Hartwig cyclization. Compounds51 can be converted to compounds of formula 52 by reacting of 51 with analkylating reagent such as R¹-halogen or R¹—OMs/R¹—OTs in the presenceof a base such as DBU. Alternatively, compounds of formula 53 (FormulaI, when X¹—X²—X³ is ═N—NR²—CR³=, X⁴ is C, and X⁵ is C) can be preparedby treating 51 with an alkylating reagent R²-leaving group (leavinggroup is halo, OTs, OMs, OTf, etc.) in the presence of a suitable basesuch as sodium hydride.

When X¹—X²—X³ is —O═CR²═CR³—, X⁴ is C, and X⁵ is C, compounds of FormulaI can be prepared as illustrated in Scheme 11. Compounds 49 from Scheme10 can be reacted with glycolic acid ester under Buchwald-Hartwigcoupling conditions to generate compounds 54. Cyclization of 54 underbasic conditions such as potassium tert-butoxide can provide tricycliccompounds 55. Further functionalization of the substitutions on 55 canbe performed, in desired, using reactions known to one skilled in theart. For example, the esters 55 can be hydrolyzed to acids 56, which canthen be transformed to amides 57 under standard coupling conditions suchas BOP or HATU coupling. Reaction of amides 57 with a nucleophile suchas methyl magnesium bromide affords ketones 58, which can then bereduced to give compounds of formula 59. When X¹—X²—X³ is —S═CR²═CR³—,X⁴ is C, and X⁵ is C, compounds of Formula I can be prepared in analogyto the methods illustrated in Scheme 11, with thioglycolic esterreplacing glycolic ester.

When Y is N, X¹—X²—X³ is —N═CR²—NR³—, X⁴ is C, and X⁵ is C, compounds offormula I of the invention can be prepared as illustrated in Scheme 12.Appropriately substituted fluoropyridines 60 can be reacted with a thiolsuch as benzylthiol in the presence of a suitable base such as sodiumtert-butoxide to give compounds of formula 61. Reaction of pyridinethioethers 61 with sulfuryl chloride followed by treatment with ammoniaprovides cyclized products 62. Alternatively, compounds 62 can besynthesized by reacting compounds 60 with hydroxylamine and sulfur.Nitration of compounds 63 gives compounds of formula 64. Coupling ofcompounds 64 with an appropriate R³—NH₂ in the presence of a suitablebase such as diisopropylethylamine affords compounds 65. Reduction ofnitro compounds 65 using catalytic hydrogenation conditions withcatalyst such as palladium or nickel or using iron or other suitablereducing conditions yields the corresponding diamines 66. Condensationof compounds 66 with an appropriate amide (activated withtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate) generates the desired compounds 67.The diamine can also react with an appropriate acid R²CO₂H undercoupling conditions to give an amide intermediate which subsequently canbe transformed compounds 67 via an intermolecular condensation. The R²and R³ can be further modified to desired groups. Alternatively, R³ canbe further transformed to groups disclosed in the invention viamodification on compounds 65 and 66.

Methods

Compounds of the invention are JAK inhibitors, and the majority of thecompounds of the invention, are JAK1 selective inhibitors. A JAK1selective inhibitor is a compound that inhibits JAK1 activitypreferentially over other Janus kinases. For example, the compounds ofthe invention preferentially inhibit JAK1 over one or more of JAK2,JAK3, and TYK2. In some embodiments, the compounds inhibit JAK1preferentially over JAK2 (e.g., have a JAK1/JAK2 IC₅₀ ratio >1). In someembodiments, the compounds are about 10-fold more selective for JAK1over JAK2. In some embodiments, the compounds are about 3-fold, about5-fold, about 10-fold, about 15-fold, or about 20-fold more selectivefor JAK1 over JAK2 as calculated by measuring IC₅₀ at 1 mM ATP (e.g.,see Example A).

JAK1 plays a central role in a number of cytokine and growth factorsignaling pathways that, when dysregulated, can result in or contributeto disease states. For example, IL-6 levels are elevated in rheumatoidarthritis, a disease in which it has been suggested to have detrimentaleffects (Fonesca, J. E. et al., Autoimmunity Reviews, 8:538-42, 2009).Because IL-6 signals, at least in part, through JAK1, antagonizing IL-6directly or indirectly through JAK1 inhibition is expected to provideclinical benefit (Guschin, D., N., et al Embo J 14:1421, 1995; Smolen,J. S., et al. Lancet 371:987, 2008). Moreover, in some cancers JAK1 ismutated resulting in constitutive undesirable tumor cell growth andsurvival (Mullighan C G, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106:9414-8, 2009; FlexE., et al. J Exp Med. 205:751-8, 2008). In other autoimmune diseases andcancers elevated systemic levels of inflammatory cytokines that activateJAK1 may also contribute to the disease and/or associated symptoms.Therefore, patients with such diseases may benefit from JAK1 inhibition.Selective inhibitors of JAK1 may be efficacious while avoidingunnecessary and potentially undesirable effects of inhibiting other JAKkinases.

Selective inhibitors of JAK1, relative to other JAK kinases, may havemultiple therapeutic advantages over less selective inhibitors. Withrespect to selectivity against JAK2, a number of important cytokines andgrowth factors signal through JAK2 including, for example,erythropoietin (Epo) and thrombopoietin (Tpo) (Parganas E, et al. Cell.93:385-95, 1998). Epo is a key growth factor for red blood cellsproduction; hence a paucity of Epo-dependent signaling can result inreduced numbers of red blood cells and anemia (Kaushansky K, NEJM354:2034-45, 2006). Tpo, another example of a JAK2-dependent growthfactor, plays a central role in controlling the proliferation andmaturation of megakaryocytes the cells from which platelets are produced(Kaushansky K, NEJM 354:2034-45, 2006). As such, reduced Tpo signalingwould decrease megakaryocyte numbers (megakaryocytopenia) and lowercirculating platelet counts (thrombocytopenia). This can result inundesirable and/or uncontrollable bleeding. Reduced inhibition of otherJAKs, such as JAK3 and Tyk2, may also be desirable as humans lackingfunctional version of these kinases have been shown to suffer fromnumerous maladies such as severe-combined immunodeficiency orhyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (Minegishi, Y, et al. Immunity 25:745-55,2006; Macchi P, et al. Nature. 377:65-8, 1995). Therefore a JAK1inhibitor with reduced affinity for other JAKs would have significantadvantages over a less-selective inhibitor with respect to reduced sideeffects involving immune suppression, anemia and thrombocytopenia.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to methods of treatinga JAK-associated disease or disorder in an individual (e.g., patient) byadministering to the individual in need of such treatment atherapeutically effective amount or dose of a compound of the presentinvention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. A JAK-associateddisease can include any disease, disorder or condition that is directlyor indirectly linked to expression or activity of the JAK, includingoverexpression and/or abnormal activity levels. A JAK-associated diseasecan also include any disease, disorder or condition that can beprevented, ameliorated, or cured by modulating JAK activity.

Examples of JAK-associated diseases include diseases involving theimmune system including, for example, organ transplant rejection (e.g.,allograft rejection and graft versus host disease).

Further examples of JAK-associated diseases include autoimmune diseasessuch as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis,psoriatic arthritis, type I diabetes, lupus, psoriasis, inflammatorybowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, myasthenia gravis,immunoglobulin nephropathies, myocarditis, autoimmune thyroid disorders,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and the like. In someembodiments, the autoimmune disease is an autoimmune bullous skindisorder such as pemphigus vulgaris (PV) or bullous pemphigoid (BP).

Further examples of JAK-associated diseases include allergic conditionssuch as asthma, food allergies, eszematous dermatitis, contactdermatitis, atopic dermatitis (atropic eczema), and rhinitis. Furtherexamples of JAK-associated diseases include viral diseases such asEpstein Barr Virus (EBV), Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV, HTLV 1,Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).

Further examples of JAK-associated disease include diseases associatedwith cartilage turnover, for example, gouty arthritis, septic orinfectious arthritis, reactive arthritis, reflex sympathetic dystrophy,algodystrophy, Tietze syndrome, costal athropathy, osteoarthritisdeformans endemica, Mseleni disease, Handigodu disease, degenerationresulting from fibromyalgia, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma,or ankylosing spondylitis.

Further examples of JAK-associated disease include congenital cartilagemalformations, including hereditary chrondrolysis, chrondrodysplasias,and pseudochrondrodysplasias (e.g., microtia, enotia, and metaphysealchrondrodysplasia).

Further examples of JAK-associated diseases or conditions include skindisorders such as psoriasis (for example, psoriasis vulgaris), atopicdermatitis, skin rash, skin irritation, skin sensitization (e.g.,contact dermatitis or allergic contact dermatitis). For example, certainsubstances including some pharmaceuticals when topically applied cancause skin sensitization. In some embodiments, co-administration orsequential administration of at least one JAK inhibitor of the inventiontogether with the agent causing unwanted sensitization can be helpful intreating such unwanted sensitization or dermatitis. In some embodiments,the skin disorder is treated by topical administration of at least oneJAK inhibitor of the invention.

In further embodiments, the JAK-associated disease is cancer includingthose characterized by solid tumors (e.g., prostate cancer, renalcancer, hepatic cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, breastcancer, lung cancer, cancers of the head and neck, thyroid cancer,glioblastoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, Castleman's disease, uterineleiomyosarcoma, melanoma etc.), hematological cancers (e.g., lymphoma,leukemia such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenousleukemia (AML) or multiple myeloma), and skin cancer such as cutaneousT-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. Example CTCLsinclude Sezary syndrome and mycosis fungoides.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitors described herein, or incombination with other JAK inhibitors, such as those reported in U.S.Ser. No. 11/637,545, which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety, can be used to treat inflammation-associated cancers. In someembodiments, the cancer is associated with inflammatory bowel disease.In some embodiments, the inflammatory bowel disease is ulcerativecolitis. In some embodiments, the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn'sdisease. In some embodiments, the inflammation-associated cancer iscolitis-associated cancer. In some embodiments, theinflammation-associated cancer is colon cancer or colorectal cancer. Insome embodiments, the cancer is gastric cancer, gastrointestinalcarcinoid tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), adenocarcinoma,small intestine cancer, or rectal cancer.

JAK-associated diseases can further include those characterized byexpression of: JAK2 mutants such as those having at least one mutationin the pseudo-kinase domain (e.g., JAK2V617F); JAK2 mutants having atleast one mutation outside of the pseudo-kinase domain; JAK1 mutants;JAK3 mutants; erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) mutants; or deregulatedexpression of CRLF2.

JAK-associated diseases can further include myeloproliferative disorders(MPDS) such as polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET),myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM), primary myelofibrosis(PMF), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), chronic myelomonocyticleukemia (CMML), hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), systemic mast celldisease (SMCD), and the like. In some embodiments, themyeloproliferative disorder is myelofibrosis (e.g., primarymyelofibrosis (PMF) or post polycythemia vera/essential thrombocythemiamyelofibrosis (Post-PV/ET MF)). In some embodiments, themyeloproliferative disorder is post-essential thrombocythemiamyelofibrosis (Post-ET MF). In some embodiments, the myeloproliferativedisorder is post polycythemia vera myelofibrosis (Post-PV MF).

JAK-associated disease further include myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).

The present invention further provides methods of treating psoriasis orother skin disorders by administration of a topical formulationcontaining a compound of the invention.

In some embodiments, JAK inhibitors described herein can be used totreat pulmonary arterial hypertension.

The present invention further provides a method of treatingdermatological side effects of other pharmaceuticals by administrationof the compound of the invention. For example, numerous pharmaceuticalagents result in unwanted allergic reactions which can manifest asacneiform rash or related dermatitis. Example pharmaceutical agents thathave such undesirable side effects include anti-cancer drugs such asgefitinib, cetuximab, erlotinib, and the like. The compounds of theinvention can be administered systemically or topically (e.g., localizedto the vicinity of the dermatitis) in combination with (e.g.,simultaneously or sequentially) the pharmaceutical agent having theundesirable dermatological side effect. In some embodiments, thecompound of the invention can be administered topically together withone or more other pharmaceuticals, where the other pharmaceuticals whentopically applied in the absence of a compound of the invention causecontact dermatitis, allergic contact sensitization, or similar skindisorder. Accordingly, compositions of the invention include topicalformulations containing the compound of the invention and a furtherpharmaceutical agent which can cause dermatitis, skin disorders, orrelated side effects.

Further JAK-associated diseases include inflammation and inflammatorydiseases. Example inflammatory diseases include sarcoidosis,inflammatory diseases of the eye (e.g., iritis, uveitis, scleritis,conjunctivitis, or related disease), inflammatory diseases of therespiratory tract (e.g., the upper respiratory tract including the noseand sinuses such as rhinitis or sinusitis or the lower respiratory tractincluding bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and thelike), inflammatory myopathy such as myocarditis, and other inflammatorydiseases. In some embodiments, the inflammation disease of the eye isblepharitis.

The JAK inhibitors described herein can further be used to treatischemia reperfusion injuries or a disease or condition related to aninflammatory ischemic event such as stroke or cardiac arrest. The JAKinhibitors described herein can further be used to treatendotoxin-driven disease state (e.g., complications after bypass surgeryor chronic endotoxin states contributing to chronic cardiac failure).The JAK inhibitors described herein can further be used to treatanorexia, cachexia, or fatigue such as that resulting from or associatedwith cancer. The JAK inhibitors described herein can further be used totreat restenosis, sclerodermitis, or fibrosis. The JAK inhibitorsdescribed herein can further be used to treat conditions associated withhypoxia or astrogliosis such as, for example, diabetic retinopathy,cancer, or neurodegeneration. See, e.g., Dudley, A. C. et al. Biochem.J. 2005, 390(Pt 2):427-36 and Sriram, K. et al. J. Biol. Chem. 2004,279(19):19936-47. Epub 2004 March 2, both of which are incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety. The JAK inhibitors describedherein can be used to treat Alzheimer's disease.

The JAK inhibitors described herein can further be used to treat otherinflammatory diseases such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS) and septic shock.

The JAK inhibitors described herein can further be used to treat goutand increased prostate size due to, e.g., benign prostatic hypertrophyor benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Further JAK-associated diseases include bone resorption diseases such asosteoporosis, osteoarthritis. Bone resorption can also be associatedwith other conditions such as hormonal imbalance and/or hormonaltherapy, autoimmune disease (e.g. osseous sarcoidosis), or cancer (e.g.myeloma). The reduction of the bone resorption due to the JAK inhibitorscan be about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%,about 70%, about 80%, or about 90%.

In some embodiments, JAK inhibitors described herein can further be usedto treat a dry eye disorder. As used herein, “dry eye disorder” isintended to encompass the disease states summarized in a recent officialreport of the Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS), which defined dry eye as “amultifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface that results insymptoms of discomfort, visual disturbance, and tear film instabilitywith potential damage to the ocular surface. It is accompanied byincreased osmolarity of the tear film and inflammation of the ocularsurface.” Lemp, “The Definition and Classification of Dry Eye Disease:Report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of theInternational Dry Eye Workshop”, The Ocular Surface, 5(2), 75-92 April2007, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In someembodiments, the dry eye disorder is selected from aqueoustear-deficient dry eye (ADDE) or evaporative dry eye disorder, orappropriate combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the dry eyedisorder is Sjogren syndrome dry eye (SSDE). In some embodiments, thedry eye disorder is non-Sjogren syndrome dry eye (NSSDE).

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of treatingconjunctivitis, uveitis (including chronic uveitis), chorioditis,retinitis, cyclitis, sclieritis, episcleritis, or iritis; treatinginflammation or pain related to corneal transplant, LASIK (laserassisted in situ keratomileusis), photorefractive keratectomy, or LASEK(laser assisted sub-epithelial keratomileusis); inhibiting loss ofvisual acuity related to corneal transplant, LASIK, photorefractivekeratectomy, or LASEK; or inhibiting transplant rejection in a patientin need thereof, comprising administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of the compound of the invention, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Additionally, the compounds of the invention, or in combination withother JAK inhibitors, such as those reported in U.S. Ser. No.11/637,545, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety,can be used to treat respiratory dysfunction or failure associated wthviral infection, such as influenza and SARS.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound ofFormula I, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described in anyof the embodiments herein, for use in a method of treating any of thediseases or disorders described herein. In some embodiments, the presentinvention provides the use of a compound of Formula I as described inany of the embodiments herein, for the preparation of a medicament foruse in a method of treating any of the diseases or disorders describedherein.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound ofFormula I as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, for use in a method of modulating JAK1. In some embodiments,the present invention also provides use of a compound of Formula I asdescribed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for thepreparation of a medicament for use in a method of modulating JAK1.

As used herein, the term “contacting” refers to the bringing together ofindicated moieties in an in vitro system or an in vivo system. Forexample, “contacting” a JAK with a compound of the invention includesthe administration of a compound of the present invention to anindividual or patient, such as a human, having a JAK, as well as, forexample, introducing a compound of the invention into a samplecontaining a cellular or purified preparation containing the JAK.

As used herein, the term “individual” or “patient,” usedinterchangeably, refers to any animal, including mammals, preferablymice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep,horses, or primates, and most preferably humans.

As used herein, the phrase “therapeutically effective amount” refers tothe amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits thebiological or medicinal response that is being sought in a tissue,system, animal, individual or human by a researcher, veterinarian,medical doctor or other clinician. In some embodiments, thetherapeutically effective amount is about 5 mg to about 1000 mg, orabout 10 mg to about 500 mg.

As used herein, the term “treating” or “treatment” refers to one or moreof (1) preventing the disease; for example, preventing a disease,condition or disorder in an individual who may be predisposed to thedisease, condition or disorder but does not yet experience or displaythe pathology or symptomatology of the disease; (2) inhibiting thedisease; for example, inhibiting a disease, condition or disorder in anindividual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology orsymptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., arrestingfurther development of the pathology and/or symptomatology); and (3)ameliorating the disease; for example, ameliorating a disease, conditionor disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying thepathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e.,reversing the pathology and/or symptomatology) such as decreasing theseverity of disease.

Combination Therapies

One or more additional pharmaceutical agents such as, for example,chemotherapeutics, anti-inflammatory agents, steroids,immunosuppressants, as well as Bcr-Abl, Flt-3, RAF and FAK kinaseinhibitors such as, for example, those described in WO 2006/056399,which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, or otheragents can be used in combination with the compounds described hereinfor treatment of JAK-associated diseases, disorders or conditions. Theone or more additional pharmaceutical agents can be administered to apatient simultaneously or sequentially.

Example chemotherapeutics include proteosome inhibitors (e.g.,bortezomib), thalidomide, revlimid, and DNA-damaging agents such asmelphalan, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, etoposide,carmustine, and the like.

Example steroids include coriticosteroids such as dexamethasone orprednisone.

Example Bcr-Abl inhibitors include the compounds, and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof, of the genera and species disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 5,521,184, WO 04/005281, and U.S. Ser. No. 60/578,491, all ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Example suitable Flt-3 inhibitors include compounds, and theirpharmaceutically acceptable salts, as disclosed in WO 03/037347, WO03/099771, and WO 04/046120, all of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

Example suitable RAF inhibitors include compounds, and theirpharmaceutically acceptable salts, as disclosed in WO 00/09495 and WO05/028444, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

Example suitable FAK inhibitors include compounds, and theirpharmaceutically acceptable salts, as disclosed in WO 04/080980, WO04/056786, WO 03/024967, WO 01/064655, WO 00/053595, and WO 01/014402,all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

In some embodiments, one or more of the compounds of the invention canbe used in combination with one or more other kinase inhibitorsincluding imatinib, particularly for treating patients resistant toimatinib or other kinase inhibitors.

In some embodiments, a suitable chemotherapeutical agent can be selectedfrom antimetabolite agents, topoisomerase 1 inhibitors, platinumanalogs, taxanes, anthracyclines, and EGFR inhibitors, and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, antimetabolite agents include capecitabine,gemcitabine, and fluorouracil (5-FU).

In some embodiments, taxanes include paclitaxel, Abraxane® (paclitaxelprotein-bound particles for injectable suspension), and Taxotere®(docetaxel).

In some embodiments, platinum analogs include oxaliplatin, cisplatin,and carboplatin.

In some embodiments, topoisomerase 1 inhibitors include irinotecan andtopotecan.

In some embodiment, anthracyclines include doxorubicin or liposomalformulations of doxorubicin.

In some embodiments, the chemotherapeutic is FOLFIRINOX (5-FU,lecovorin, irinotecan and oxaliplatin). In some embodiments, thechemotherapeutic agent is gemcitabine and Abraxane® (paclitaxelprotein-bound particles for injectable suspension).

In some embodiments, one or more JAK inhibitors of the invention can beused in combination with a chemotherapeutic in the treatment of cancer,such as multiple myeloma, and may improve the treatment response ascompared to the response to the chemotherapeutic agent alone, withoutexacerbation of its toxic effects. Examples of additional pharmaceuticalagents used in the treatment of multiple myeloma, for example, caninclude, without limitation, melphalan, melphalan plus prednisone [MP],doxorubicin, dexamethasone, and Velcade (bortezomib). Further additionalagents used in the treatment of multiple myeloma include Bcr-Abl, Flt-3,RAF and FAK kinase inhibitors. Additive or synergistic effects aredesirable outcomes of combining a JAK inhibitor of the present inventionwith an additional agent. Furthermore, resistance of multiple myelomacells to agents such as dexamethasone may be reversible upon treatmentwith a JAK inhibitor of the present invention. The agents can becombined with the present compounds in a single or continuous dosageform, or the agents can be administered simultaneously or sequentiallyas separate dosage forms.

In some embodiments, a corticosteroid such as dexamethasone isadministered to a patient in combination with at least one JAK inhibitorwhere the dexamethasone is administered intermittently as opposed tocontinuously.

In some further embodiments, combinations of one or more JAK inhibitorsof the invention with other therapeutic agents can be administered to apatient prior to, during, and/or after a bone marrow transplant or stemcell transplant.

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is fluocinoloneacetonide (Retisert®), or rimexolone (AL-2178, Vexol, Alcon).

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is cyclosporine(Restasis®).

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is acorticosteroid. In some embodiments, the corticosteroid istriamcinolone, dexamethasone, fluocinolone, cortisone, prednisolone, orflumetholone.

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is selected fromDehydrex™ (Holles Labs), Civamide (Opko), sodium hyaluronate (Vismed,Lantibio/TRB Chemedia), cyclosporine (ST-603, Sirion Therapeutics),ARG101(T) (testosterone, Argentis), AGR1012(P) (Argentis), ecabet sodium(Senju-Ista), gefarnate (Santen), 15-(s)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid(15(S)-HETE), cevilemine, doxycycline (ALTY-0501, Alacrity),minocycline, iDestrin™ (NP50301, Nascent Pharmaceuticals), cyclosporineA (Nova22007, Novagali), oxytetracycline (Duramycin, MOLI1901,Lantibio), CF101(2S,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[6-[(3-iodophenyl)methylamino]purin-9-yl]-N-methyl-oxolane-2-carbamyl,Can-Fite Biopharma), voclosporin (LX212 or LX214, Lux Biosciences),ARG103 (Agentis), RX-10045 (synthetic resolvin analog, Resolvyx), DYN15(Dyanmis Therapeutics), rivoglitazone (DE011, Daiichi Sanko), TB4(RegeneRx), OPH-01 (Ophtalmis Monaco), PCS101 (Pericor Science), REV1-31(Evolutec), Lacritin (Senju), rebamipide (Otsuka-Novartis), OT-551(Othera), PAI-2 (University of Pennsylvania and Temple University),pilocarpine, tacrolimus, pimecrolimus (AMS981, Novartis), loteprednoletabonate, rituximab, diquafosol tetrasodium (INS365, Inspire), KLS-0611(Kissei Pharmaceuticals), dehydroepiandrosterone, anakinra, efalizumab,mycophenolate sodium, etanercept (Embrel®), hydroxychloroquine, NGX267(TorreyPines Therapeutics), actemra, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin,L-asparaginase, or thalidomide.

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is ananti-angiogenic agent, cholinergic agonist, TRP-1 receptor modulator, acalcium channel blocker, a mucin secretagogue, MUC1 stimulant, acalcineurin inhibitor, a corticosteroid, a P2Y2 receptor agonist, amuscarinic receptor agonist, an mTOR inhibitor, another JAK inhibitor,Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitor, Flt-3 kinase inhibitor, RAF kinase inhibitor,and FAK kinase inhibitor such as, for example, those described in WO2006/056399, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is a tetracyclinederivative (e.g., minocycline or doxycline). In some embodiments, theadditional therapeutic agent binds to FKBP12.

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an alkylatingagent or DNA cross-linking agent; an anti-metabolite/demethylating agent(e.g., 5-flurouracil, capecitabine or azacitidine); an anti-hormonetherapy (e.g., hormone receptor antagonists, SERMs, or aromotaseinhibitor); a mitotic inhibitor (e.g. vincristine or paclitaxel); antopoisomerase (I or II) inhibitor (e.g. mitoxantrone and irinotecan); anapoptotic inducers (e.g. ABT-737); a nucleic acid therapy (e.g.antisense or RNAi); nuclear receptor ligands (e.g., agonists and/orantagonists: all-trans retinoic acid or bexarotene); epigenetictargeting agents such as histone deacetylase inhibitors (e.g.vorinostat), hypomethylating agents (e.g. decitabine); regulators ofprotein stability such as Hsp90 inhibitors, ubiquitin and/or ubiquitinlike conjugating or deconjugating molecules; or an EGFR inhibitor(erlotinib).

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent(s) are demulcenteye drops (also known as “artificial tears”), which include, but are notlimited to, compositions containing polyvinylalcohol, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, glycerin, polyethylene glycol (e.g. PEG400), orcarboxymethyl cellulose. Artificial tears can help in the treatment ofdry eye by compensating for reduced moistening and lubricating capacityof the tear film. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agentis a mucolytic drug, such as N-acetyl-Cysteine, which can interact withthe mucoproteins and, therefore, to decrease the viscosity of the tearfilm.

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent includes anantibiotic, antiviral, antifungal, anesthetic, anti-inflammatory agentsincluding steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, andanti-allergic agents. Examples of suitable medicaments includeaminoglycosides such as amikacin, gentamycin, tobramycin, streptomycin,netilmycin, and kanamycin; fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin,norfloxacin, ofloxacin, trovafloxacin, lomefloxacin, levofloxacin, andenoxacin; naphthyridine; sulfonamides; polymyxin; chloramphenicol;neomycin; paramomycin; colistimethate; bacitracin; vancomycin;tetracyclines; rifampin and its derivatives (“rifampins”); cycloserine;beta-lactams; cephalosporins; amphotericins; fluconazole; flucytosine;natamycin; miconazole; ketoconazole; corticosteroids; diclofenac;flurbiprofen; ketorolac; suprofen; cromolyn; lodoxamide; levocabastin;naphazoline; antazoline; pheniramine; or azalide antibiotic.

Pharmaceutical Formulations and Dosage Forms

When employed as pharmaceuticals, the compounds of the invention can beadministered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions. Thesecompositions can be prepared in a manner well known in thepharmaceutical art, and can be administered by a variety of routes,depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and uponthe area to be treated. Administration may be topical (includingtransdermal, epidermal, ophthalmic and to mucous membranes includingintranasal, vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary (e.g., by inhalationor insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer;intratracheal or intranasal), oral or parenteral. Parenteraladministration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous,intraperitoneal intramuscular or injection or infusion; or intracranial,e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Parenteraladministration can be in the form of a single bolus dose, or may be, forexample, by a continuous perfusion pump. Pharmaceutical compositions andformulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches,ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquidsand powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder oroily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable.

This invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions which contain,as the active ingredient, the compound of the invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one ormore pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (excipients). In someembodiments, the composition is suitable for topical administration. Inmaking the compositions of the invention, the active ingredient istypically mixed with an excipient, diluted by an excipient or enclosedwithin such a carrier in the form of, for example, a capsule, sachet,paper, or other container. When the excipient serves as a diluent, itcan be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material, which acts as a vehicle,carrier or medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions canbe in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets,elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solidor in a liquid medium), ointments containing, for example, up to 10% byweight of the active compound, soft and hard gelatin capsules,suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packagedpowders.

In preparing a formulation, the active compound can be milled to providethe appropriate particle size prior to combining with the otheringredients. If the active compound is substantially insoluble, it canbe milled to a particle size of less than 200 mesh. If the activecompound is substantially water soluble, the particle size can beadjusted by milling to provide a substantially uniform distribution inthe formulation, e.g. about 40 mesh.

The compounds of the invention may be milled using known millingprocedures such as wet milling to obtain a particle size appropriate fortablet formation and for other formulation types. Finely divided(nanoparticulate) preparations of the compounds of the invention can beprepared by processes known in the art, e.g., see International App. No.WO 2002/000196.

Some examples of suitable excipients include lactose, dextrose, sucrose,sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates,tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose,polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, and methyl cellulose. Theformulations can additionally include: lubricating agents such as talc,magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifying andsuspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl- andpropylhydroxy-benzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring agents. Thecompositions of the invention can be formulated so as to provide quick,sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient afteradministration to the patient by employing procedures known in the art.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises silicifiedmicrocrystalline cellulose (SMCC) and at least one compound describedherein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments, the silicified microcrystalline cellulose comprises about98% microcrystalline cellulose and about 2% silicon dioxide w/w.

In some embodiments, the composition is a sustained release compositioncomprising at least one compound described herein, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least onecompound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, and at least one component selected from microcrystallinecellulose, lactose monohydrate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, andpolyethylene oxide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises atleast one compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, and microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, andhydroxypropyl methylcellulose. In some embodiments, the compositioncomprises at least one compound described herein, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, and microcrystalline cellulose, lactosemonohydrate, and polyethylene oxide. In some embodiments, thecomposition further comprises magnesium stearate or silicon dioxide. Insome embodiments, the microcrystalline cellulose is Avicel PH102™. Insome embodiments, the lactose monohydrate is Fast-flo 316™. In someembodiments, the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 2208 K4M (e.g., Methocel K4 M Premier™) and/orhydroxypropyl methylcellulose 2208 K100LV (e.g., Methocel K00LV™). Insome embodiments, the polyethylene oxide is polyethylene oxide WSR 1105(e.g., Polyox WSR 1105™).

In some embodiments, a wet granulation process is used to produce thecomposition. In some embodiments, a dry granulation process is used toproduce the composition.

The compositions can be formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosagecontaining from about 5 to about 1,000 mg (1 g), more usually about 100mg to about 500 mg, of the active ingredient. In some embodiments, eachdosage contains about 10 mg of the active ingredient. In someembodiments, each dosage contains about 50 mg of the active ingredient.In some embodiments, each dosage contains about 25 mg of the activeingredient. The term “unit dosage forms” refers to physically discreteunits suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals,each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active materialcalculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in associationwith a suitable pharmaceutical excipient.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention contain fromabout 5 mg to about 50 mg of the active ingredient. One having ordinaryskill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compounds orcompositions containing about 5 mg to about 10 mg, about 10 mg to about15 mg, about 15 mg to about 20 mg, about 20 mg to about 25 mg, about 25mg to about 30 mg, about 30 mg to about 35 mg, about 35 mg to about 40mg, about 40 mg to about 45 mg, or about 45 mg to about 50 mg of theactive ingredient.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention contain fromabout 50 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient. One havingordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compoundsor compositions containing about 50 mg to about 100 mg, about 100 mg toabout 150 mg, about 150 mg to about 200 mg, about 200 mg to about 250mg, about 250 mg to about 300 mg, about 350 mg to about 400 mg, or about450 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention contain fromabout 500 mg to about 1,000 mg of the active ingredient. One havingordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compoundsor compositions containing about 500 mg to about 550 mg, about 550 mg toabout 600 mg, about 600 mg to about 650 mg, about 650 mg to about 700mg, about 700 mg to about 750 mg, about 750 mg to about 800 mg, about800 mg to about 850 mg, about 850 mg to about 900 mg, about 900 mg toabout 950 mg, or about 950 mg to about 1,000 mg of the activeingredient.

The active compound may be effective over a wide dosage range and isgenerally administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. It willbe understood, however, that the amount of the compound actuallyadministered will usually be determined by a physician, according to therelevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, thechosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, theage, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of thepatient's symptoms, and the like.

For preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the principal activeingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a solidpreformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of acompound of the present invention. When referring to thesepreformulation compositions as homogeneous, the active ingredient istypically dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that thecomposition can be readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosageforms such as tablets, pills and capsules. This solid preformulation isthen subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described abovecontaining from, for example, about 0.1 to about 1000 mg of the activeingredient of the present invention.

The tablets or pills of the present invention can be coated or otherwisecompounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolongedaction. For example, the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage andan outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelopeover the former. The two components can be separated by an enteric layerwhich serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permit theinner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed inrelease. A variety of materials can be used for such enteric layers orcoatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acids andmixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetylalcohol, and cellulose acetate.

The liquid forms in which the compounds and compositions of the presentinvention can be incorporated for administration orally or by injectioninclude aqueous solutions, suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oilsuspensions, and flavored emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseedoil, sesame oil, coconut oil, or peanut oil, as well as elixirs andsimilar pharmaceutical vehicles.

Compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions andsuspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents,or mixtures thereof, and powders. The liquid or solid compositions maycontain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as describedsupra. In some embodiments, the compositions are administered by theoral or nasal respiratory route for local or systemic effect.Compositions in can be nebulized by use of inert gases. Nebulizedsolutions may be breathed directly from the nebulizing device or thenebulizing device can be attached to a face masks tent, or intermittentpositive pressure breathing machine. Solution, suspension, or powdercompositions can be administered orally or nasally from devices whichdeliver the formulation in an appropriate manner.

Topical formulations can contain one or more conventional carriers. Insome embodiments, ointments can contain water and one or morehydrophobic carriers selected from, for example, liquid paraffin,polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, propylene glycol, white Vaseline, and thelike. Carrier compositions of creams can be based on water incombination with glycerol and one or more other components, e.g.glycerinemonostearate, PEG-glycerinemonostearate and cetylstearylalcohol. Gels can be formulated using isopropyl alcohol and water,suitably in combination with other components such as, for example,glycerol, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and the like. In some embodiments,topical formulations contain at least about 0.1, at least about 0.25, atleast about 0.5, at least about 1, at least about 2, or at least about 5wt % of the compound of the invention. The topical formulations can besuitably packaged in tubes of, for example, 100 g which are optionallyassociated with instructions for the treatment of the select indication,e.g., psoriasis or other skin condition.

The amount of compound or composition administered to a patient willvary depending upon what is being administered, the purpose of theadministration, such as prophylaxis or therapy, the state of thepatient, the manner of administration, and the like. In therapeuticapplications, compositions can be administered to a patient alreadysuffering from a disease in an amount sufficient to cure or at leastpartially arrest the symptoms of the disease and its complications.Effective doses will depend on the disease condition being treated aswell as by the judgment of the attending clinician depending uponfactors such as the severity of the disease, the age, weight and generalcondition of the patient, and the like.

The compositions administered to a patient can be in the form ofpharmaceutical compositions described above. These compositions can besterilized by conventional sterilization techniques, or may be sterilefiltered. Aqueous solutions can be packaged for use as is, orlyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterileaqueous carrier prior to administration. The pH of the compoundpreparations typically will be between 3 and 11, more preferably from 5to 9 and most preferably from 7 to 8. It will be understood that use ofcertain of the foregoing excipients, carriers, or stabilizers willresult in the formation of pharmaceutical salts.

The therapeutic dosage of a compound of the present invention can varyaccording to, for example, the particular use for which the treatment ismade, the manner of administration of the compound, the health andcondition of the patient, and the judgment of the prescribing physician.The proportion or concentration of a compound of the invention in apharmaceutical composition can vary depending upon a number of factorsincluding dosage, chemical characteristics (e.g., hydrophobicity), andthe route of administration. For example, the compounds of the inventioncan be provided in an aqueous physiological buffer solution containingabout 0.1 to about 10% w/v of the compound for parenteraladministration. Some typical dose ranges are from about 1 μg/kg to about1 g/kg of body weight per day. In some embodiments, the dose range isfrom about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of body weight per day. Thedosage is likely to depend on such variables as the type and extent ofprogression of the disease or disorder, the overall health status of theparticular patient, the relative biological efficacy of the compoundselected, formulation of the excipient, and its route of administration.Effective doses can be extrapolated from dose-response curves derivedfrom in vitro or animal model test systems.

The compositions of the invention can further include one or moreadditional pharmaceutical agents such as a chemotherapeutic, steroid,anti-inflammatory compound, or immunosuppressant, examples of which arelisted hereinabove.

In some embodiments, the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, is administered as an ophthalmic composition. Accordingly, insome embodiments, the methods comprise administration of the compound,or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and an ophthalmicallyacceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the ophthalmic composition is aliquid composition, semi-solid composition, insert, film, microparticlesor nanoparticles.

In some embodiments, the ophthalmic composition is a liquid composition.In some embodiments, the ophthalmic composition is a semi-solidcomposition. In some embodiments, the ophthalmic composition is atopical composition. The topical compositions include, but are notlimited to liquid and semi-solid compositions. In some embodiments, theophthalmic composition is a topical composition. In some embodiments,the topical composition comprises aqueous solution, an aqueoussuspension, an ointment or a gel. In some embodiments, the ophthalmiccomposition is topically applied to the front of the eye, under theupper eyelid, on the lower eyelid and in the cul-de-sac. In someembodiments, the ophthalmic composition is sterilized. The sterilizationcan be accomplished by known techniques like sterilizing filtration ofthe solution or by heating of the solution in the ampoule ready for use.The ophthalmic compositions of the invention can further containpharmaceutical excipients suitable for the preparation of ophthalmicformulations. Examples of such excipients are preserving agents,buffering agents, chelating agents, antioxidant agents and salts forregulating the osmotic pressure.

As used herein, the term “ophthalmically acceptable carrier” refers toany material that can contain and release the compound, orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and that is compatible withthe eye. In some embodiments, the ophthalmically acceptable carrier iswater or an aqueous solution or suspension, but also includes oils suchas those used to make ointments and polymer matrices such as used inocular inserts. In some embodiments, the composition may be an aqueoussuspension comprising the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof. Liquid ophthalmic compositions, including both ointments andsuspensions, may have a viscosity that is suited for the selected routeof administration. In some embodiments, the ophthalmic composition has aviscosity in the range of from about 1,000 to about 30,000 centipoise.

In some embodiments, the ophthalmic compositions may further compriseone or more of surfactants, adjuvants, buffers, antioxidants, tonicityadjusters, preservatives (e.g., EDTA, BAK (benzalkonium chloride),sodium chlorite, sodium perborate, polyquaterium-1), thickeners orviscosity modifiers (e.g., carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, glycol 400, propyleneglycol hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxpropyl-guar, hyaluronic acid, andhydroxypropyl cellulose) and the like. Additives in the formulation mayinclude, but are not limited to, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate,sorbic acid, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, chlorhexidine, castor oil,and sodium perborate.

Aqueous ophthalmic compositions (solutions or suspensions) generally donot contain physiologically or ophthalmically harmful constituents. Insome embodiments, purified or deionized water is used in thecomposition. The pH may be adjusted by adding any physiologically andophthalmically acceptable pH adjusting acids, bases or buffers to withinthe range of about 5.0 to 8.5. Ophthalmically acceptable examples ofacids include acetic, boric, citric, lactic, phosphoric, hydrochloric,and the like, and examples of bases include sodium hydroxide, sodiumphosphate, sodium borate, sodium citrate, sodium acetate, sodiumlactate, tromethamine, trishydroxymethylamino-methane, and the like.Salts and buffers include citrate/dextrose, sodium bicarbonate, ammoniumchloride and mixtures of the aforementioned acids and bases.

In some embodiments, the methods involve forming or supplying a depot ofthe therapeutic agent in contact with the external surface of the eye. Adepot refers to a source of therapeutic agent that is not rapidlyremoved by tears or other eye clearance mechanisms. This allows forcontinued, sustained high concentrations of therapeutic agent to bepresent in the fluid on the external surface of the eye by a singleapplication. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believedthat absorption and penetration may be dependent on both the dissolveddrug concentration and the contact duration of the external tissue withthe drug containing fluid. As the drug is removed by clearance of theocular fluid and/or absorption into the eye tissue, more drug isprovided, e.g. dissolved, into the replenished ocular fluid from thedepot. Accordingly, the use of a depot may more easily facilitateloading of the ocular tissue for more insoluble therapeutic agents. Insome embodiments, the depot can remain for up to eight hours or more. Insome embodiments, the ophthalmic depot forms includes, but is notlimited to, aqueous polymeric suspensions, ointments, and solid inserts.

In some embodiments, the ophthalmic composition is an ointment or gel.In some embodiment, the ophthalmic composition is an oil-based deliveryvehicle. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a petroleum orlanolin base to which is added the active ingredient, usually as 0.1 to2%, and excipients. Common bases may include, but are not limited to,mineral oil, petrolatum and combinations thereof. In some embodiments,the ointment is applied as a ribbon onto the lower eyelid.

In some embodiment, the ophthalmic composition is an ophthalmic insert.In some embodiments, the ophthalmic insert is biologically inert, soft,bio-erodible, viscoelastic, stable to sterilization after exposure totherapeutic agents, resistant to infections from air borne bacteria,bio-erodible, biocompatible, and/or viscoelastic. In some embodiments,the insert comprises an ophthalmically acceptable matrix, e.g., apolymer matrix. The matrix is typically a polymer and the therapeuticagent is generally dispersed therein or bonded to the polymer matrix. Insome embodiments, the therapeutic agent may be slowly released from thematrix through dissolution or hydrolysis of the covalent bond. In someembodiments, the polymer is bioerodible (soluble) and the dissolutionrate thereof can control the release rate of the therapeutic agentdispersed therein. In another form, the polymer matrix is abiodegradable polymer that breaks down such as by hydrolysis to therebyrelease the therapeutic agent bonded thereto or dispersed therein. Infurther embodiments, the matrix and therapeutic agent can be surroundedwith an additional polymeric coating to further control release. In someembodiments, the insert comprises a biodegradable polymer such aspolycaprolactone (PCL), an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA),polyalkyl cyanoacrylate, polyurethane, a nylon, or poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), or a copolymer of any of these. Insome embodiments, the therapeutic agent is dispersed into the matrixmaterial or dispersed amongst the monomer composition used to make thematrix material prior to polymerization. In some embodiments, the amountof therapeutic agent is from about 0.1 to about 50%, or from about 2 toabout 20%. In further embodiments, the biodegradable or bioerodiblepolymer matrix is used so that the spent insert does not have to beremoved. As the biodegradable or bioerodible polymer is degraded ordissolved, the therapeutic agent is released.

In further embodiments, the ophthalmic insert comprises a polymer,including, but are not limited to, those described in Wagh, et al.,“Polymers used in ocular dosage form and drug delivery systems”, AsianJ. Pharm., pages 12-17 (January 2008), which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the insert comprises apolymer selected from polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), an acrylate ormethacrylate polymer or copolymer (e.g., Eudragit® family of polymersfrom Rohm or Degussa), hydroxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylic acid,poly(amidoamine) dendrimers, poly(dimethyl siloxane), polyethyleneoxide, poly(lactide-co-glycolide), poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate),poly(vinyl alcohol), or poly(propylene fumarate). In some embodiments,the insert comprises Gelfoam® R. In some embodiments, the insert is apolyacrylic acid of 450 kDa-Cysteine conjugate.

In some embodiments, the ophthalmic composition is a ophthalmic film.Polymers suitable for such films include, but are not limited to, thosedescribed in Wagh, et al. (ibid), In some embodiments, the film is asoft-contact lens, such as ones made from copolymers ofN,N-diethylacrylamide and methacrylic acid crosslinked withethyleneglycol dimethacrylate.

In some embodiments, the ophthalmic compositon comprises microspheres ornanoparticles. In some embodiment, the microspheres comprise gelatin. Insome embodiments, the microspheres are injected to the posterior segmentof the eye, in the chroroidal space, in the sclera, intravitreally orsub-retinally. In some embodiments, the microspheres or nanoparticlescomprises a polymer including, but not limited to, those described inWagh, et al. (ibid), which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety. In some embodiments, the polymer is chitosan, a polycarboxylicacid such as polyacrylic acid, albumin particles, hyaluronic acidesters, polyitaconic acid, poly(butyl)cyanoacrylate, polycaprolactone,poly(isobutyl)caprolactone, poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), orpoly(lactic acid). In some embodiments, the microspheres ornanoparticles comprise solid lipid particles.

In some embodiments, the ophthalmic composition comprises anion-exchange resin. In some embodiments, the ion-exchange resin is aninorganic zeolite or synthetic organic resin. In some embodiments, theion-exchange resin includes, but is not limited to, those described inWagh, et al. (ibid), which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety. In some embodiments, the ion-exhange resin is a partiallyneutralized polyacrylic acid.

In some embodiments, the ophthalmic composition is an aqueous polymericsuspension. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent or a polymericsuspending agent is suspended in an aqueous medium. In some embodiments,the aqueous polymeric suspensions may be formulated so that they retainthe same or substantially the same viscosity in the eye that they hadprior to administration to the eye. In some embodiments, they may beformulated so that there is increased gelation upon contact with tearfluid.

Labeled Compounds and Assay Methods

Another aspect of the present invention relates to labeled compounds ofthe invention (radio-labeled, fluorescent-labeled, etc.) that would beuseful not only in imaging techniques but also in assays, both in vitroand in vivo, for localizing and quantitating JAK in tissue samples,including human, and for identifying JAK ligands by inhibition bindingof a labeled compound. Accordingly, the present invention includes JAKassays that contain such labeled compounds.

The present invention further includes isotopically-labeled compounds ofthe invention. An “isotopically” or “radio-labeled” compound is acompound of the invention where one or more atoms are replaced orsubstituted by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number differentfrom the atomic mass or mass number typically found in nature (i.e.,naturally occurring). Suitable radionuclides that may be incorporated incompounds of the present invention include but are not limited to ³H(also written as T for tritium), ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹³N, ¹⁵N, ¹⁵O, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O,¹⁸F, ³⁵S, ³⁶Cl, ⁸²Br, ⁷⁵Br, ⁷⁶Br, ⁷⁷Br, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I, and ¹³¹I. Theradionuclide that is incorporated in the instant radio-labeled compoundswill depend on the specific application of that radio-labeled compound.For example, for in vitro JAK labeling and competition assays, compoundsthat incorporate ³H, ¹⁴C, ⁸²Br, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ³⁵S or will generally bemost useful. For radio imaging applications ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹²⁵I, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I,¹³¹I, ⁷⁵Br, ⁷⁶Br or ⁷⁷Br will generally be most useful.

It is to be understood that a “radio-labeled” or “labeled compound” is acompound that has incorporated at least one radionuclide. In someembodiments the radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of³H, ¹⁴C, ¹²⁵I, ³⁵S and ⁸²Br. In some embodiments, the compoundincorporates 1, 2, or 3 deuterium atoms.

The present invention can further include synthetic methods forincorporating radio-isotopes into compounds of the invention. Syntheticmethods for incorporating radio-isotopes into organic compounds are wellknown in the art, and an ordinary skill in the art will readilyrecognize the methods applicable for the compounds of invention.

A labeled compound of the invention can be used in a screening assay toidentify/evaluate compounds. For example, a newly synthesized oridentified compound (i.e., test compound) which is labeled can beevaluated for its ability to bind a JAK by monitoring its concentrationvariation when contacting with the JAK, through tracking of thelabeling. For example, a test compound (labeled) can be evaluated forits ability to reduce binding of another compound which is known to bindto a JAK (i.e., standard compound). Accordingly, the ability of a testcompound to compete with the standard compound for binding to the JAKdirectly correlates to its binding affinity. Conversely, in some otherscreening assays, the standard compound is labeled and test compoundsare unlabeled. Accordingly, the concentration of the labeled standardcompound is monitored in order to evaluate the competition between thestandard compound and the test compound, and the relative bindingaffinity of the test compound is thus ascertained.

Kits

The present invention also includes pharmaceutical kits useful, forexample, in the treatment or prevention of JAK-associated diseases ordisorders, such as cancer, which include one or more containerscontaining a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound of the invention. Such kits can furtherinclude, if desired, one or more of various conventional pharmaceuticalkit components, such as, for example, containers with one or morepharmaceutically acceptable carriers, additional containers, etc., aswill be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Instructions,either as inserts or as labels, indicating quantities of the componentsto be administered, guidelines for administration, and/or guidelines formixing the components, can also be included in the kit.

The invention will be described in greater detail by way of specificexamples. The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes,and are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. Those ofskill in the art will readily recognize a variety of non-criticalparameters which can be changed or modified to yield essentially thesame results. The compounds of the Examples have been found to be JAKinhibitors according to at least one assay described herein.

EXAMPLES Example 1(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

Step 1. 6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-ol

N,N,N-Tributylbutan-1-aminium nitrate (from Aldrich, 9.1 g, 30 mmol)dissolved in methylene chloride (100 mL) was added dropwise to a stirredsolution of thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-ol (from Aldrich, 3.0 g, 20 mmol) inmethylene chloride (100 mL) at −5° C. Trifluoroacetic anhydride (4.5 mL,32 mmol) was added while maintaining the temperature below 0° C. Theresulting mixture was then stirred at −5° C. for 30 min and at roomtemperature overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated, dilutedwith ether, filtered. The solid collected was washed with water and thenether/methanol (MeOH) mixture (1:1), and air-dried to give the desiredproduct (3.3 g, 85%). LCMS calculated for C₇H₅N₂O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=197.0.Found: 196.9.

Step 2. 7-Chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine

6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-ol (3.3 g, 17 mmol) was suspended inphosphoryl chloride (30 mL, 400 mmol) and heated at reflux for 1 h(dissolution was apparent after 45 min) The solvent was removed. Toluenewas added to the residue and the volatiles were removed in vacuo.Dichloromethane and sat. NaHCO₃ solution were added (Caution: gasevolution), and the layers separated. The organic layer was washed withwater, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give the desired product(2.7 g, 75%). LCMS calculated for C₇H₄ClN₂O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=215.0. Found:214.9.

Step 3.6-Nitro-N-[(3S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (0.060 g, 0.28 mmol),(3S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-amine hydrochloride (from J&W Pharmatech,0.059 g, 0.43 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.15 mL, 0.84 mmol)in isopropyl alcohol (0.95 mL) was heated at 60° C. overnight. Theresulting mixture was concentrated and purified on silica gel (elutingwith 0 to 50% ethyl acetate (EtOAc) in hexanes) to give the desiredproduct (30 mg, 38%). LCMS calculated for C₁₂H₁₄N₃O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=280.1.Found: 280.0.

Step 4.N7-[(3S)-Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]thieno[3,2-b]pyridine-6,7-diamine

A mixture of6-nitro-N-[(3S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine(30 mg, 0.1 mmol), iron (18 mg, 0.32 mmol) and ammonium chloride (29 mg,0.54 mmol) in ethanol (0.8 mL)/water (0.3 mL) was heated at reflux for 4h. The resulting mixture was filtered. The filtrate was diluted withEtOAc, washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution, dried over MgSO₄, andconcentrated. The residue was purified on silica gel (eluting with 0 to5% MeOH in dichloromethane) to give the desired product. LCMS calculatedfor C₁₂H₁₆N₃OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=250.1. Found: 250.0.

Step 5.(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (from Aldrich, 5.4 mg, 0.060mmol) and triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (12 mg, 0.062 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (0.1 mL) became a solution after stirred for 15 min.After another 45 min, this solution was added to a mixture ofN7-[(3S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]thieno[3,2-b]pyridine-6,7-diamine (7.5mg, 0.030 mmol) in ethanol (0.24 mL) and the resultant mixture washeated at reflux for 2 h. The crude mixture was purified on RP-HPLC(XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/watercontaining 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to givethe desired product (5.9 mg, 65%). LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₁₈N₃O₂S(M+H)⁺: m/z=304.1. Found: 304.0.

Example 2(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile

Step 1.{trans-4-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methanol

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (0.21 g, 0.98 mmol)(Example 1, Step 2), (trans-4-aminocyclohexyl)methanol (from J&WPharmatech, 0.25 g, 2.0 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.51 mL,2.9 mmol) in isopropyl alcohol (3.3 mL) was heated at 90° C. for 2 h.The resulting mixture was concentrated and purified on silica gel(eluting with 0 to 60% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product(0.26 g, 86%). LCMS calculated for C₁₄H₁₈N₃O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=308.1. Found:308.0.

Step 2.{trans-4-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methylmethanesulfonate

To a mixture of{trans-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methanol(0.26 g, 0.84 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.30 mL, 1.7 mmol) inmethylene chloride (3 mL) was added methanesulfonyl chloride (0.085 mL,1.1 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2h. After diluting with water, the mixture was extracted withdichloromethane. The organic layers were concentrated and purified onsilica gel (eluting with 0 to 70% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desiredproduct (0.2 g, 61%). LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₂₀N₃O₅S₂ (M+H)⁺:m/z=386.1. Found: 386.0.

Step 3.{trans-4-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile

A mixture of{trans-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methylmethanesulfonate (0.20 g, 0.52 mmol) and sodium cyanide (0.057 g, 1.2mmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (2 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 4 h. Afterdiluting with EtOAc, the resulting mixture was washed with sat. NaHCO₃solution, water and brine, then concentrated. The residue was purifiedon silica gel (eluting with 0 to 5% MeOH in dichloromethane) to give thedesired product. LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₁₇N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=317.1.Found: 317.0.

Step 4.{trans-4-[(6-Aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile

A mixture of{trans-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile(0.16 g, 0.50 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (20 mg) in methanol (5mL) was hydrogenated under balloon pressure of H₂ at room temperaturefor 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate concentratedto give the desired product (0.124 g, 86%), which was used directly inthe next step. LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₁₉N₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=287.1. Found:287.1.

Step 5.(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (0.12 g, 1.3 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (0.25 g, 1.3 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran(2 mL) became a solution after stirred for 15 min. After another 45 min,this solution was added to a mixture of{trans-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile(124 mg, 0.433 mmol) in ethanol (3.4 mL) and the resultant mixture washeated at reflux for 2 h. The crude mixture was purified on RP-HPLC(XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/watercontaining 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to givethe desired product (65 mg, 44%). LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₁N₄OS (M+H)⁺:m/z=341.1. Found: 341.1. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 8.98 (1H, s), 8.00(1H, d, J=5.2 Hz), 7.66 (1H, d, J=5.2 Hz), 5.86 (1H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 5.19(1H, m), 4.92 (1H, m), 2.61 (2H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 2.43 (2H, m), 2.01 (5H,m), 1.64 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 1.40 (2H, m) ppm.

Example 3trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexanol

Step 1. trans-4-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexanol

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (0.47 g, 2.2 mmol)(Example 1, step 2), trans-4-aminocyclohexanol (from Aldrich, 0.50 g,4.4 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.1 mL, 6.6 mmol) in isopropylalcohol (7.4 mL) was heated at 90° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated and purified on silica gel (eluting with 0 to 5% MeOH indichloromethane) to give the desired product (0.266 g, 41%). LCMScalculated for C₁₃H₁₆N₃O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=294.1. Found: 294.0.

Step 2. trans-4-[(6-Aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexanol

A mixture oftrans-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexanol (50 mg,0.2 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (7 mg) in methanol (2 mL) washydrogenated under balloon pressure of H₂ at room temperature for 2 h.The reaction mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to givethe desired product, which was used directly in the next step. LCMScalculated for C₁₃H₁₈N₃OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=264.1. Found: 264.1.

Step 3.trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexanol

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (96 mg, 1.1 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (0.20 g, 1.1 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran(2 mL) became a solution after stirred for 15 min. After another 45 min,this solution was added to a mixture oftrans-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexanol (95 mg,0.36 mmol) in ethanol (2.9 mL) and heated at reflux for 2 h. Theresulting mixture was purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, elutingwith a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (0.9mg, 0.8%). LCMS calculated for C₁₆H₂₀N₃O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=318.1. Found:318.0.

Example 4(1R)-1-(1-{trans-4-[(2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl)amino]cyclohexyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)ethanol

Step 1.trans-N-(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)cyclohexane-1,4-diamine

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (0.21 g, 0.98 mmol)(Example 1, step 2), trans-cyclohexane-1,4-diamine (from Aldrich, 0.13g, 1.2 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.34 mL, 2.0 mmol) inisopropyl alcohol (3.3 mL) was heated at 90° C. for 2 h. The solvent inthe resulting mixture was removed to give the desired product, which wasused directly in the next step. LCMS calculated for C₁₃H₁₇N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺:m/z=293.1. Found: 293.0.

Step 2.trans-N-(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)-N′-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)cyclohexane-1,4-diamine

To a mixture oftrans-N-(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)cyclohexane-1,4-diamine (120mg, 0.41 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.36 mL, 2.0 mmol) inmethylene chloride (2 mL)/N,N-dimethylformamide (2 mL) was added2,2,2-trifluoroethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (0.18 mL, 1.2 mmol). Thereaction was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The resulting mixturewas diluted with water, extracted with dichloromethane. The organiclayers were concentrated and purified on silica gel (eluting with 0 to5% MeOH in dichloromethane) to give the desired product (34 mg, 22%).LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₁₈F₃N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=375.1. Found: 375.0.

Step 3.N7-{trans-4-[(2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl)amino]cyclohexyl}thieno[3,2-b]pyridine-6,7-diamine

A mixture oftrans-N-(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)cyclohexane-1,4-diamine(34 mg, 0.091 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (4 mg) in methanol (0.9mL) was hydrogenated under balloon pressure of H₂ at room temperaturefor 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate wasconcentrated to give the desired product (27 mg, 86%), which was useddirectly in the next step. LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₂₀F₃N₄S (M+H)⁺:m/z=345.1. Found: 345.0.

Step 4.(1R)-1-(1-{trans-4-[(2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl)amino]cyclohexyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)ethanol

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (21 mg, 0.24 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (45 mg, 0.24 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran(0.3 mL) became a solution after stirring for 15 min. After another 45min, this solution was added to a mixture ofN7-{trans-4-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino]cyclohexyl}thieno[3,2-b]pyridine-6,7-diamine(27 mg, 0.078 mmol) in ethanol (0.62 mL) and heated at reflux for 2 h.The resulting mixture was purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column,eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (3.2mg, 10%). LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₂F₃N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=399.1. Found:399.2.

Example 5(1R)-1-(1-{trans-4-[2-(Methylsulfonyl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)ethanol

Step 1. tert-Butyl (trans-4-formylcyclohexyl)carbamate

A solution of tert-butyl [trans-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl]carbamate(from Aldrich, 0.61 g, 2.7 mmol) in methylene chloride (10 mL) at 0° C.was added Dess-Martin periodinane (1.35 g, 3.19 mmol). The resultingmixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction wasquenched with aq. 1 N NaOH solution, extracted with dichloromethane. Thecombined organic layers were washed with water and brine, dried overMgSO₄, and concentrated. The residue was purified on silica gel (elutingwith 0 to 5% MeOH in dichloromethane) to give the desired product (0.3g, 50%). LCMS calculated for C₁₂H₂₁NO₃Na (M+Na)⁺: m/z=250.2. Found:250.1.

Step 2. tert-Butyl{trans-4-[2-(methylsulfonyl)vinyl]cyclohexyl}carbamate

To a solution of 1.0 M potassium tert-butoxide in tetrahydrofuran (THF)(1.0 mL, 1.0 mmol) was added diethyl [(methylsulfonyl)methyl]phosphonate(0.21 g, 0.92 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. and the resulting mixture wasstirred at 0° C. for 1 h. A solution of tert-butyl(trans-4-formylcyclohexyl)carbamate (0.15 g, 0.66 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (4.6 mL) was added dropwise, then cooling bath wasremoved and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Thereaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed with water, concentratedand purified on silica gel (eluting with 0 to 5% MeOH indichloromethane) to give the desired product (0.14 g, 70%) as a mixtureof E- and Z-isomers. LCMS calculated for C₁₄H₂₅NO₄SNa (M+Na)⁺:m/z=326.2. Found: 326.1.

Step 3. trans-4-(2-(Methylsulfonyl)ethyl)cyclohexanaminetrifluoroacetate

A mixture of tert-butyl{trans-4-[2-(methylsulfonyl)vinyl]cyclohexyl}carbamate (140 mg, 0.46mmol) and 10% of palladium on carbon (49 mg) in methanol (4 mL) washydrogenated under balloon pressure of H₂ at room temperature overnight.The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated togive tert-butyl {trans-4-[2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}carbamate.LCMS calculated for C₉H₂₀NO₂S (M-Boc+2H)⁺: m/z=206.1. Found: 206.1. TheBoc-intermediate was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (0.2 mL, 3 mmol)in methylene chloride (0.5 mL) at room temperature for 1 h. Theresulting mixture was concentrated to give the desired product astrifluoroacetic acid (TFA) salt. LCMS calculated for C₉H₂₀NO₂S (M+H)⁺:m/z=206.1. Found: 206.1.

Step 4.N-{trans-4-[2-(Methylsulfonyl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (0.10 g, 0.46 mmol),trans-4-[2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]cyclohexanamine TFA salt (0.12 g, 0.60mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.40 mL, 2.3 mmol) in isopropylalcohol (1.0 mL) was heated at 90° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated and purified on silica gel (eluting with 0 to 45% EtOAc indichloromethane) to give the desired product. LCMS calculated forC₁₆H₂₂N₃O₄S₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=384.1. Found: 384.0.

Step 5.N7-{trans-4-[2-(Methylsulfonyl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}thieno[3,2-b]pyridine-6,7-diamine

A mixture ofN-{trans-4-[2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine(220 mg, 0.57 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (60 mg, 0.06 mmol) inmethanol (4 mL) was hydrogenated under balloon pressure of H₂ at roomtemperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtratewas concentrated to give the desired product, which was used in the nextstep directly. LCMS calculated for C₁₆H₂₄N₃O₂S₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=354.1.Found: 354.0.

Step 6.(1R)-1-(1-{trans-4-[2-(Methylsulfonyl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)ethanol

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (52 mg, 0.59 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (0.11 g, 0.59 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran(1 mL) became a solution after stirring for 15 min. After another 45min, this solution was added to a mixture ofN7-{trans-4-[2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}thieno[3,2-b]pyridine-6,7-diamine(83 mg, 0.23 mmol) in ethanol (2 mL) and heated at reflux overnight. Theresulting mixture was purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, elutingwith a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (1.1mg, 1.1%). LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₆N₃O₃S₂ (M±H)⁺: m/z=408.1. Found:408.1.

Example 6(1R)-1-{1-[cis-4-(1H-1,2,4-Triazol-1-yl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

Step 1. trans-4-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclohexyl methanesulfonate

To a mixture of tert-butyl (trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)carbamate (fromAstaTech, 0.133 g, 0.618 mmol) and triethylamine (0.12 mL, 0.86 mmol) inmethylene chloride (1 mL) was added methanesulfonyl chloride (0.057 mL,0.74 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2h. After dilution with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution, the mixture wasextracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were washedwith brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give the desiredproduct (0.18 g, 99%).

Step 2. cis-4-(1H-1,2,4-Triazol-1-yl)cyclohexanamine trifluoroacetate

Sodium hydride (60%, 0.034 g, 0.86 mmol) was added portionwise to asolution of 1H-1,2,4-triazole (0.064 g, 0.92 mmol) inN,N-dimethylformamide (2 mL). After stirred for 5 min,trans-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclohexyl methanesulfonate (0.18 g,0.61 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 65° C. overweekend. The cooled mixture was poured into ice-cold water, extractedwith EtOAc. The organic layers were concentrated and purified on silicagel (eluting with 0 to 5% MeOH in EtOAc) to give tert-butyl[cis-4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)cyclohexyl]carbamate (0.14 g, 86%). LCMScalculated for C₁₃H₂₃N₄O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=267.2. Found: 267.1. Thiscarbamate intermediate was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (0.28 mL,3.7 mmol) in methylene chloride (1 mL) at room temperature for 1 h andthen concentrated to give the desired product as TFA salt. LCMScalculated for C₈H₁₅N₄ (M+H)⁺: m/z=167.1. Found: 167.2.

Step 3.6-Nitro-N-[cis-4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)cyclohexyl]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (0.10 g, 0.46 mmol),cis-4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)cyclohexanamine TFA salt (0.10 g, 0.60mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.40 mL, 2.3 mmol) in isopropylalcohol (1.0 mL) was heated at 90° C. for 2 h. The resulting mixture wasconcentrated and purified on silica gel (eluting with 0 to 10% EtOAc indichloromethane) to give the desired product (32 mg, 20%). LCMScalculated for C₁₅H₁₇N₆O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=345.1. Found: 345.0.

Step 4.N7-[cis-4-(1H-1,2,4-Triazol-1-yl)cyclohexyl]thieno[3,2-b]pyridine-6,7-diamine

A mixture of6-nitro-N-[cis-4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)cyclohexyl]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine(32 mg, 0.093 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (4 mg) in methanol (0.9mL) was hydrogenated under balloon pressure of H₂ at room temperaturefor 2 h. The reaction was filtered and the resultant filtrate wasconcentrated to give the desired product, which was used directly in thenext step. LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₁₉N₆S (M+H)⁺: m/z=315.1. Found:315.1.

Step 5.(1R)-1-{1-[cis-4-(1H-1,2,4-Triazol-1-yl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (28 mg, 0.32 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (60 mg, 0.32 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran(0.4 mL) became a solution after stirring for 15 min. After another 45min, this solution was added to a mixture ofN7-[cis-4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)cyclohexyl]thieno[3,2-b]pyridine-6,7-diamine(25 mg, 0.080 mmol) in ethanol (0.8 mL) and heated at reflux overnight.The resulting mixture was purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column,eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (1.7mg, 5.8%). LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₁N₆OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=369.1. Found:369.1.

Example 7cis-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexanecarbonitrile

Step 1. trans-4-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexylmethanesulfonate

To a mixture oftrans-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexanol (0.21 g,0.72 mmol) (Example 3, Step 1) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.25 mL,1.4 mmol) in methylene chloride (2 mL) was added methanesulfonylchloride (0.083 mL, 1.1 mmol). The reaction was stirred at roomtemperature for 2 h. After dilution with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution, theresulting mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The organic layerswere concentrated and purified on silica gel (eluting with 0 to 5% MeOHin dichloromethane) to give the desired product (0.24 g, 90%). LCMScalculated for C₁₄H₁₈N₃O₅S₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=372.1. Found: 372.0.

Step 2.cis-4-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-cyclohexanecarbonitrile

A mixture of trans-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexylmethanesulfonate (0.12 g, 0.32 mmol) and sodium cyanide (0.061 g, 1.2mmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (1 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 6 h. Afterdilution with EtOAc, the resulting mixture was washed with sat. NaHCO₃solution, water and brine, and then concentrated. The residue waspurified on silica gel (eluting with 0 to 5% MeOH in dichloromethane) togive the desired product (32 mg). LCMS calculated for C₁₄H₁₅N₄O₂S(M+H)⁺: m/z=303.1. Found: 303.0.

Step 3.cis-4-[(6-Aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexanecarbonitrile

A mixture ofcis-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexanecarbonitrile(32 mg, 0.10 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (4 mg) in methanol (1 mL)was hydrogenated under balloon pressure of H₂ at room temperature for 4h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to givethe desired product, which was used directly in the next step. LCMScalculated for C₁₄H₁₇N₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=273.1. Found: 273.1.

Step 4.cis-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexanecarbonitrile

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (40 mg, 0.4 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (89 mg, 0.47 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran(0.4 mL) became a solution after stirring for 15 min. After another 45min, this solution was added to a mixture ofcis-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexanecarbonitrile(32 mg, 0.12 mmol) in ethanol (0.74 mL) and heated at reflux overnight.The resulting mixture was purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column,eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (1.1mg, 2.9%). LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₁₉N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=327.1. Found:327.0.

Example 83-(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)propanenitrile

Step 1. tert-Butyl {trans-4-[2-cyanovinyl]cyclohexyl}carbamate

To a solution of 1.0 M potassium tert-butoxide in THF (1.0 mL, 1.0 mmol)was added diethyl cyanomethylphosphonate (0.15 mL, 0.92 mmol) dropwiseat 0° C. and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. Asolution of tert-butyl (trans-4-formylcyclohexyl)carbamate (0.15 g, 0.66mmol) (Example 5, Step 1) in tetrahydrofuran (4.6 mL) was addeddropwise, then cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was diluted withEtOAc, washed with water. The organic layers were concentrated andpurified on silica gel (eluting with 0 to 5% MeOH in dichloromethane) togive the desired product as a mixture of E- and Z-isomers (0.14 g, 70%).LCMS calculated for C₁₄H₂₂N₂O₂Na (M+Na)⁺: m/z=273.2. Found: 273.0.

Step 2. 3-(trans-4-Aminocyclohexyl)propanenitrile trifluoroacetate

A mixture of tert-butyl {trans-4-[2-cyanovinyl]cyclohexyl}carbamate(0.13 g, 0.52 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (52 mg) in ethanol (2mL) was hydrogenated under balloon pressure of H₂ over weekend. Themixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to givetert-butyl [trans-4-(2-Cyanoethyl)cyclohexyl]carbamate. LCMS calculatedfor C₁₀H₁₇N₂O₂ (M-^(t)Bu+H)⁺: m/z=197.1. Found: 197.1. This carbamateintermediate was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (0.4 mL, 5 mmol) inmethylene chloride (1 mL) at room temperature for 1 h, and then thesolvent removed to give the desired product as TFA salt. LCMS calculatedfor C₉H₁₇N₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=153.1. Found: 153.2.

Step 3.3-{trans-4-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}propanenitrile

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (0.087 g, 0.41 mmol),3-(trans-4-aminocyclohexyl)propanenitrile (0.080 g, 0.52 mmol) TFA saltand N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.35 mL, 2.0 mmol) in isopropyl alcohol(0.89 mL) was heated at 90° C. for 2 h. The resulting mixture wasconcentrated and purified on silica gel (eluting with 0 to 20% EtOAc indichloromethane) to give the desired product (63 mg, 47%). LCMScalculated for C₁₆H₁₉N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=331.1. Found: 331.0.

Step 4.3-{trans-4-[(6-Aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}propanenitrile

A mixture of3-{trans-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}propanenitrile(63 mg, 0.19 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (20 mg) in methanol (1mL) was hydrogenated under balloon pressure of H₂ at room temperaturefor 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate wasconcentrated to give the desired product (48 mg, 84%), which was useddirectly in the next step. LCMS calculated for C₁₆H₂₁N₄S (M+H)⁺:m/z=301.1. Found: 301.1.

Step 5.3-(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)propanenitrile

To a mixture of3-{trans-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}propanenitrile(0.048 g, 0.16 mmol) and (R)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid (0.019 g, 0.21mmol) in methylene chloride (0.96 mL) was addedN,N-diisopropylethylamine (60 μL, 0.35 mmol) andN,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)uroniumhexafluorophosphate (66 mg, 0.17 mmol). The resulting mixture wasstirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was washed withwater. The organic layers were concentrated and purified on silica gel(eluting with 0 to 10% MeOH in dichloromethane) to give(2R)—N-(7-{[trans-4-(2-Cyanoethyl)cyclohexyl]amino}thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-6-yl)-2-hydroxypropanamide.LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₅N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=373.2. Found: 373.0. Asolution of the amide intermediate in acetic acid (0.3 mL) was stirredat 105° C. for 5 h. The solvent in the reaction mixture was removed invacuo, diluted with MeOH and purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column,eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (6 mg,10%). LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₃N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=355.2. Found: 355.1.

Example 9(1R)-1-[1-(3-Fluoropiperidin-4-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl]ethanol

Step 1. tert-Butyl3-hydroxy-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]piperidine-1-carboxylate

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (0.61 g, 2.8 mmol)(Example 1, Step 2), tert-butyl4-amino-3-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate (from Aurora, 0.95 g, 4.4mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.99 mL, 5.7 mmol) in isopropylalcohol (7.4 mL) was heated at 90° C. for 2 h. The resulting mixture wasdiluted with water. The precipitate was collected by filtration, washedwith water and air-dried to give the desired product (1 g, 89%). LCMScalculated for C₁₇H₂₃N₄O₅S (M+H)⁺: m/z=395.1. Found: 395.0.

Step 2. tert-Butyl3-fluoro-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]piperidine-1-carboxylate

To a solution of tert-butyl3-hydroxy-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]piperidine-1-carboxylate(716 mg, 1.82 mmol) in methylene chloride (4 mL) cooled at 0° C. wasadded slowly2-methoxy-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-N-(trifluoro-44)-sulfanyl)ethanamine (0.50mL, 2.7 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. Themixture was diluted with dichloromethane, washed with water, andconcentrated. The residue was purified on silica gel (eluting with 0 to30% EtOAc in dichloromethane) to give the desired product (0.32 g, 44%)as a mixture of cis- and trans-isomers mixture. LCMS calculated forC₁₇H₂₂FN₄O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=397.1. Found: 397.1.

Step 3. tert-Butyl4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-3-fluoropiperidine-1-carboxylate

A mixture of tert-butyl 3-fluoro-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.32 g, 0.81 mmol) and 10% palladium oncarbon (80 mg) in methanol (8 mL) was hydrogenated under balloonpressure of H₂ at room temperature for 5 h. The reaction mixture wasfiltered, and the filtrate was concentrated to give the desired product(0.23 g, 78%) as a mixture of cis- and trans-isomers mixture. LCMScalculated for C₁₇H₂₄FN₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=367.2. Found: 367.1.

Step 4.(1R)-1-[1-(3-Fluoropiperidin-4-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl]ethanol

To a mixture of tert-butyl4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-3-fluoropiperidine-1-carboxylate(0.21 g, 0.57 mmol) and (R)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid (0.059 g, 0.65 mmol)in methylene chloride (5 mL) was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.23mL, 1.3 mmol) andN,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)uroniumhexafluorophosphate (0.23 g, 0.60 mmol). The resulting mixture wasstirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was washedwith water, concentrated and purified on silica gel (eluting with 0 to10% MeOH in dichloromethane) to give tert-butyl3-fluoro-4-[(6-{[(2R)-2-hydroxypropanoyl]amino}thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]piperidine-1-carboxylate(0.155 g, 62%). LCMS calculated for C₂₀H₂₈FN₄O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=439.2.Found: 439.1. A solution of the amide intermediate in acetic acid (1 mL)was heated at reflux for 2 h. The resulting mixture was purified onsilica gel (eluting with 0-10% MeOH in dichloromethane) to givetert-butyl3-fluoro-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidine-1-carboxylate(16 mg, 10%). LCMS calculated for C₂₀H₂₆FN₄O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=421.2. Found:421.1. The Boc protected intermediate was treated with trifluoroaceticacid (0.1 mL, 1 mmol) in methylene chloride (0.2 mL) at room temperaturefor 1 h. The mixture was concentrated and purified on RP-HPLC (XBridgeC18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give two desiredproducts. First peak retention time 0.253 min. LCMS calculated forC₁₅H₁₈FN₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=321.1. Found: 321.1. Second peak retention time0.514 min. LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₁₈FN₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=321.1. Found:321.1.

Example 10(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrileHCl salt

Step 1. {trans-4-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclohexyl}methylmethanesulfonate

A mixture of tert-butyl [trans-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl]carbamate(from Albany Molecular, 1.5 g, 6.5 mmol) in methylene chloride (20 mL)was treated with pyridine (2.14 mL, 26.5 mmol). The mixture was cooledto 0° C. and methanesulfonyl chloride (1.01 mL, 13.1 mmol) was addeddropwise over 5 min. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 5h. The resulting mixture was then concentrated and partitioned betweenEtOAc and water. The organic phases were concentrated and purified onsilica gel (eluting with 50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desiredproduct (1.48 g, 74%). LCMS calculated for C₁₃H₂₅NO₅SNa (M+Na)⁺:m/z=330.2. Found: 330.0.

Step 2. (trans-4-Aminocyclohexyl)acetonitrile trifluoroacetate

A mixture of {trans-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclohexyl}methylmethanesulfonate (1.48 g, 4.81 mmol) and sodium cyanide (0.46 g, 9.4mmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (20 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 4 h. Aftercooling, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and brine. Theorganic layer was washed with water, concentrated and purified on silicagel (eluting with 50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give tert-butyl[trans-4-(cyanomethyl)cyclohexyl]carbamate. LCMS calculated forC₁₃H₂₂N₂O₂Na (M+Na)⁺: m/z=261.2. Found: 261.1. A solution of theBoc-protected intermediate in methylene chloride (20 mL) was treatedwith trifluoroacetic acid (3 mL, 40 mmol) and the resulting mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 2 h, then concentrated to give thedesired product as TFA salt. LCMS calculated for C₈H₁₅N₂ (M+H)⁺:m/z=139.1. Found: 139.1.

Step 3.{trans-4-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile

To a stirred suspension of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (0.88g, 4.1 mmol) in isopropyl alcohol (14 mL),(trans-4-aminocyclohexyl)acetonitrile TFA salt (0.68 g, 4.9 mmol) andN,N-diisopropylethylamine (3.0 mL, 17 mmol) were added. The reaction wasstirred at 90° C. for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated and purified onsilica gel (eluting with 0 to 60% EtOAc in dichloromethane) to give thedesired product (1 g, 77%). LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₁₇N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺:m/z=317.1. Found: 317.0.

Step 4.{trans-4-[(6-Aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile

A mixture of{trans-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile(1.0 g, 3.2 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (0.3 g, 0.3 mmol) inmethanol (30 mL) was hydrogenated under balloon pressure of H₂ at roomtemperature for 5 h. The reaction mixture was filtered. The filtrate wasconcentrated, diluted with dichlormethane, dried over MgSO₄, andconcentrated. The residue was purified on silica gel (eluting with 0 to5% MeOH in dichloromethane) to give the desired product. (0.63 g, 70%).LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₁₉N₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=287.1. Found: 287.1.

Step 5.(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (0.630 g, 7.07 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (1.26 g, 6.66 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran(9.7 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solvent wasremoved, and the residue dissolved in ethanol (4.1 mL) and added to asuspension of{trans-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile(0.63 g, 2.2 mmol) in ethanol (15 mL). The reaction was stirred at 80°C. for 2 h. The solvent was removed and the residue was partitionedbetween EtOAc and sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The organic phase was washedwith brine, dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated. The residue was purifiedon silica gel (eluting with 0 to 10% MeOH in dichloromethane), thenfurther purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradientof acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rateof 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (0.55 g, 73%). LCMS calculatedfor C₁₈H₂₁N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=341.1. Found: 341.1.

Step 6.(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrileHCl salt

(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile(0.154 g, 0.451 mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (10 mL). 1.0 MHydrogen chloride in water (0.480 mL, 0.480 mmol) was added slowly withstirring, followed by addition of water (10 mL). The mixture was stirredat room temperature until becoming homogeneous. The resulting solutionwas lyophilized to give the desired product as HCl salt. (0.169 g,99.5%). LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₁N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=341.1. Found: 341.1.¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 9.55 (1H, s), 8.47 (1H, d, J=5.5 Hz), 8.00(1H, d, J=5.5 Hz), 5.32 (1H, m), 5.07 (1H, m), 2.62 (2H, d, J=6.0 Hz),2.43 (2H, m), 2.12 (2H, m), 2.04 (3H, m), 1.68 (3H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 1.46(2H, m) ppm.

Example 11(1R)-1-{1-[trans-4-(Hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

Step 1.{trans-4-[(6-Aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methanol

A mixture of{trans-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methanol(0.080 g, 0.26 mmol) (Example 2, Step 1) and 10% palladium on carbon(0.03 g) in methanol (3 mL) was hydrogenated under balloon pressure ofH₂ at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was filtered. The filtratewas concentrated, diluted with dichloromethane, then dried over MgSO₄,and concentrated. The residue was purified on silica gel (eluting with10% MeOH in dichloromethane) to give the desired product (41 mg, 57%).LCMS calculated for C₁₄H₂₀N₃OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=278.1. Found: 278.1.

Step 2.(1R)-1-{1-[trans-4-(Hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (42 mg, 0.48 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (85 mg, 0.45 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran(0.65 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solvent wasremoved, and the residue dissolved in ethanol (0.27 mL) and added to asuspension of{trans-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methanol(41 mg, 0.15 mmol) in ethanol (0.99 mL). The resulting mixture wasstirred at 85° C. for 1 h. The solvent was removed and the residue waspurified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of30 mL/min) to give the desired product (2.3 mg, 4.7%). LCMS calculatedfor C₁₇H₂₂N₃O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=332.1. Found: 332.1.

Example 12(1R)-1-{1-[trans-4-(Fluoromethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

Step 1.N-[trans-4-(Fluoromethyl)cyclohexyl]-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine

To a solution of{trans-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methanol(0.30 g, 0.98 mmol) in methylene chloride (2 mL) cooled at 0° C. wasadded slowly2-methoxy-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-N-(trifluoro-44)-sulfanyl)ethanamine (0.27mL, 1.5 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for4 h. The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane, washed with water,and concentrated. The residue was purified on silica gel (eluting with0-30% EtOAc in dichloromethane) to give the desired product (0.2 g,70%). LCMS calculated for C₁₄H₁₇FN₃O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=310.1. Found: 310.0.

Step 2.N7-[trans-4-(Fluoromethyl)cyclohexyl]thieno[3,2-b]pyridine-6,7-diamine

A mixture ofN-[trans-4-(fluoromethyl)cyclohexyl]-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine(0.20 g, 0.65 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (0.07 g) in methanol (7mL) was hydrogenated under balloon pressure of H₂ at room temperaturefor 1 h. The mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated,diluted with dichloromethane, and then dried over MgSO₄ and concentratedto give the desired product (0.11 g, 61%). LCMS calculated forC₁₄H₁₉FN₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=280.1. Found: 280.1.

Step 3.(1R)-1-{1-[trans-4-(Fluoromethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (0.184 g, 2.07 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (0.371 g, 1.95 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (2.8 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Thesolvent was removed and the residue dissolved in ethanol (1.2 mL) andadded to a suspension ofN7-[trans-4-(fluoromethyl)cyclohexyl]thieno[3,2-b]pyridine-6,7-diamine(0.18 g, 0.64 mmol) in ethanol (4.3 mL). The resulting mixture wasstirred at 80° C. for 1 h. The solvent was removed and the residue waspurified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of30 mL/min) to give the desired product (0.10 g, 50%). LCMS calculatedfor C₁₇H₂₁FN₃OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=334.1. Found: 334.1

Example 13(1R)-1-(1-Cyclohexyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)ethanol

Step 1. N-Cyclohexyl-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (0.055 g, 0.26 mmol)(Example 1, Step 2), cyclohexanamine (59 μL, 0.51 mmol) andN,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.13 mL, 0.77 mmol) in isopropyl alcohol(0.87 mL) was heated at 90° C. for 2 h. The resulting mixture wasconcentrated to give the desired product, which was used directly in thenext step. LCMS calculated for C₁₃H₁₆N₃O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=278.1. Found:278.0.

Step 2. N7-Cyclohexylthieno[3,2-b]pyridine-6,7-diamine

A mixture of N-cyclohexyl-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine (0.065 g,0.23 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (0.02 g) in methanol (3 mL) washydrogenated under balloon pressure of H₂ at room temperature for 1 h.The reaction mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated,diluted with dichloromethane, dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated. Theresidue was purified on silica gel (eluting with 0 to 10% MeOH indichloromethane) to give the desired product (42 mg, 72%). LCMScalculated for C₁₃H₁₈N₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=248.1. Found: 248.1.

Step 3.(1R)-1-(1-Cyclohexyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)ethanol

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (49 mg, 0.55 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (98 mg, 0.51 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran(0.75 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solvent wasremoved and the residue dissolved in ethanol (0.32 mL) and added to asuspension of N7-cyclohexylthieno[3,2-b]pyridine-6,7-diamine (42 mg,0.17 mmol) in ethanol (1.1 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 80°C. for 1 h. The solvent was removed, and the residue was purified onRP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of30 mL/min) to give the desired product (1 mg, 2%). LCMS calculated forC₁₆H₂₀N₃OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=302.1. Found: 302.1.

Example 141-(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)-N-methylmethanesulfonamide

Step 1. {trans-4-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclohexyl}methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate

To a solution of tert-butyl [trans-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl]carbamate(0.50 g, 2.2 mmol) (Supplier: Chem-Impex) in methylene chloride (15 mL)was added triethylamine (1.29 mL, 9.27 mmol), 4-dimethylaminopyridine(53 mg, 0.44 mmol), and p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (0.89 g, 4.7 mmol).The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h beforeadding more p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (0.42 g, 2.2 mmol). The mixturewas stirred overnight. Water and dichloromethane were added and thelayers separated. The aqueous was extracted with dichloromethane. Thecombined organics were washed with water and brine, dried (MgSO4),filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified on Biotage Isolera(40 g Agela cartridge, eluted with 5-50% EtOAc/hexanes over 15 min) togive the desired product (0.72 g, 86%) as a white crystalline solid.LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₉NO₅SNa (M+Na)⁺: m/z=406.2. Found: 406.0.

Step 2.S-({trans-4-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclohexyl}methyl)ethanethioate

To a mixture of {trans-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclohexyl}methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate (0.72 g, 1.9 mmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (6.0mL) was added a solution of potassium thioacetate (0.242 g, 2.12 mmol)in dimethyl sulfoxide (1.0 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 55°C. for 3 h. After cooling, the reaction was quenched by adding sat.NaHCO₃. After stirring briefly, the solids that formed were filtered andwashed with water to give 0.52 g (96%) of the desired product. LCMScalculated for C₉H₁₈NOS (M+H-Boc+H)⁺: m/z=188.1. Found: 188.2.

Step 3. S-[(trans-4-Aminocyclohexyl)methyl]ethanethioatetrifluoroacetate

A mixture of S-({trans-4-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclohexyl}methyl)ethanethioate (0.20 g, 0.70 mmol) in methylene chloride (1.6 mL) wastreated with trifluoroacetic acid (0.54 mL, 7.0 mmol) at roomtemperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness togive the desired product (0.21 g, 100%). LCMS calculated for C₉H₁₈NOS(M+H)⁺: m/z=188.1. Found: 188.1.

Step 4.S-({trans-4-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methyl)ethanethioate

A mixture of 5-[(trans-4-Aminocyclohexyl)methyl]ethanethioatetrifluoroacetate (0.21 g, 0.70 mmol),7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (0.11 g, 0.51 mmol), andN,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.27 mL, 1.5 mmol) in isopropyl alcohol (1.6mL) was heated at 90° C. for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated underreduced pressure. The residue was treated with water to form a solidwhich was collected by filtration and washed with water to give thedesired product (0.12 g, 64%). LCMS calculated for C₁₆H₂₀N₃O₃S₂ (M+H)⁺:m/z=366.1. Found: 366.1. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 9.07 (1H, s), 9.03(1H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.35 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 7.51 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 4.13(1H, m), 2.83 (2H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 2.34 (3H, s), 2.13 (2H, m), 1.83 (2H,m), 1.51 (3H, m), 1.19 (2H, m) ppm.

Step 5.{trans-4-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methanesulfonicacid

A mixture of hydrogen peroxide (30%, 110 μL, 1.1 mmol) was added toformic acid (0.43 mL), and the resulting mixture stirred for 30 minbefore addingS-({trans-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methyl)ethanethioate(67 mg, 0.18 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at roomtemperature overnight. The reaction was quenched with a small amount of0.3 M sodium metabisulfite solution. The pH of the mixture was adjustedto ˜5 by adding 50% NaOH, which caused a solid to crash out. The solidwas filtered and washed with ether to give the desired product (68 mg)which was used directly in the next step without further purification.LCMS calculated for C₁₄H₁₈N₃O₅S₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=372.1. Found: 372.1.

Step 6.N-Methyl-1-{trans-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methanesulfonamide

To a mixture of{trans-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methanesulfonicacid (34 mg, 0.092 mmol) in methylene chloride (0.30 mL) was added 1drop of DMF and thionyl chloride (33 μL, 0.46 mmol). The resultingmixture was stirred at 42° C. for 1 h, then the solvents were evaporatedto give the crude{trans-4-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methanesulfonylchloride. To the crude sulfonyl chloride made above was added 2.0 Mmethylamine in THF (0.30 mL, 0.60 mmol). The mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 30 h. LCMS showed a small amount of starting materialremaining More 2.0 M methylamine in THF (0.15 mL) was added and stirredfor 30 min, to give a complete reaction. The solvents were evaporatedand the resultant residue was dried in vacuo to give the crude productwhich was used in the next step without further purification. LCMScalculated for C₁₅H₂₁N₄O₄S₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=385.1. Found: 385.1.

Step 7.1-{trans-4-[(6-Aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}-N-methylmethanesulfonamide

A mixture ofN-methyl-1-{trans-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methanesulfonamide(35 mg, 0.091 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (10 mg) in methanol (1.0mL) was stirred under an atmosphere of H₂ for 10 h. The mixture wasfiltered through Celite. The filtrate was concentrated under reducedpressure to give the desired product (32 mg). LCMS calculated forC₁₅H₂₃N₄O₂S₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=355.1. Found: 355.1.

Step 8.1-(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)-N-methylmethanesulfonamide

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (25.8 mg, 0.290 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (51.9 mg, 0.273 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (0.40 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Afterevaporated to dry under reduced pressure, the clear oil was mixed withethanol (0.20 mL, 3.4 mmol) and added to a solution of1-{trans-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}-N-methylmethanesulfonamide(32 mg, 0.090 mmol) in ethanol (0.60 mL) in a microwave vial. Themixture was then heated at 80° C. for 1 h. The mixture was concentratedunder reduced pressure. The resultant residue was purified usingprep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of30 mL/min) to give the desired product (9.8 mg, 26%). LCMS calculatedfor C₁₈H₂₅N₄O₃S₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=409.1. Found: 409.1.

Example 15(1R)-1-{1-[1-(2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

Step 1. tert-Butyl4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]piperidine-1-carboxylate

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (0.48 g, 2.2 mmol)(Example 1, Step 2), tert-butyl 4-aminopiperidine-1-carboxylate (fromAldrich, 0.67 g, 3.4 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.2 mL, 6.7mmol) in isopropyl alcohol (7.6 mL) was heated at 90° C. for 2 h. Theprecipitate was washed with isopropyl alcohol to give the desiredproduct (0.70 83%). LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₂₃N₄O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=379.1.Found: 379.2.

Step 2. tert-Butyl4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]piperidine-1-carboxylate

A mixture of tert-butyl4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]piperidine-1-carboxylate(0.70 g, 1.8 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (0.2 g) in methanol (20mL) was subjected to balloon pressure of H₂ at room temperature for 5 h.The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated and to give thedesired product (0.64 g, 100%). LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₂₅N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺:m/z=349.2. Found: 349.1.

Step 3. tert-Butyl4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidine-1-carboxylate

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (0.468 g, 5.26 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (0.941 g, 4.95 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (7.2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Thesolvent was removed and the residue dissolved in ethanol (3.0 mL) andadded to a suspension of tert-butyl4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]piperidine-1-carboxylate(0.57 g, 1.6 mmol) in ethanol (11 mL). The mixture was stirred at 80° C.for 1 h. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified on RP-HPLC(XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/watercontaining 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to givethe desired product (85 mg, 13%). LCMS calculated for C₂₀H₂₇N₄O₃S(M+H)⁺: m/z=403.2. Found: 403.2.

Step 4.(1R)-1-(1-Piperidin-4-yl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)ethanolhydrochloride

To a solution of tert-butyl4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidine-1-carboxylate(71 mg, 0.18 mmol) in methylene chloride (1.2 mL) was added 4.0 Mhydrogen chloride in dioxane (0.35 mL, 1.4 mmol). The reaction solutionwas stirred at room temperature for 6 h. The solvent was removed to givethe desired product as white solid (60 mg, 100%). LCMS calculated forC₁₅H₁₉N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=303.1. Found: 303.1.

Step 5.(1R)-1-{1-[1-(2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

To a mixture of(1R)-1-(1-piperidin-4-yl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)ethanolhydrochloride (21.6 mg, 0.0637 mmol) and triethylamine (40.0 μL, 0.287mmol) in methylene chloride (0.78 mL) was added 2,2,2-trifluoroethyltrifluoromethanesulfonate (17.8 mg, 0.0765 mmol). The resulting mixturewas stirred overnight at room temperature. The solvents were evaporated,and the crude residue purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, elutingwith a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give 6.5 mg (26%) of thedesired product. LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₂₀F₃N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=385.1.Found: 385.0.

Example 163-(4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidin-1-yl)propanenitrile

To a solution of(1R)-1-(1-piperidin-4-yl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)ethanolhydrochloride (21.7 mg, 0.0640 mmol) (Example 15, Step 4) inacetonitrile (0.40 mL) was added 2-propenenitrile (8.4 μL, 0.13 mmol),followed by 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (38 μL, 0.26 mmol). Theresulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Afterevaporating to dryness, the residue was purified on RP-HPLC (XBridge C18column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1%ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desiredproduct (11 mg, 48%). LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₂N₅OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=356.2.Found: 356.0.

Example 17{trans-4-[2-(Hydroxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile

A mixture of{trans-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile(51.9 mg, 0.181 mmol) (Example 2, Step 4) and2-chloro-1,1,1-triethoxyethane (from Aldrich, 0.105 mL, 0.549 mmol) inacetic acid (0.5 mL) was stirred at 120° C. for 30 min. The solvent wasremoved and the resultant residue dissolved in dichloromehane andpurified on silica gel (eluting with 0-5% MeOH in dichloromethane) togive 22 mg (35.5%) of{trans-4-[2-(Chloromethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile.LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₁₈ClN₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=345.1. Found: 345.0. Alsoeluted was 8 mg (12%) of{1-[trans-4-(cyanomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}methylacetate, LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₁N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=369.1. Found:369.0. The acetate compound was treated with lithium hydroxide to givecompound the desired product after HPLC purification (XBridge C18column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1%ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min). LCMS calculated forC₁₇H₁₉N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=327.1. Found: 327.1. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ8.96 (s, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (t,J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.85 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 4.74 (m, 1H), 2.61 (d, J=6.1 Hz,2H), 2.42 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.99 (m, 5H), 1.41 (m, 2H) ppm.

Example 18N-({1-[trans-4-(Cyanomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}methyl)methanesulfonamide

Step 1. tert-Butyl (methylsulfonyl)carbamate

Triethylamine (2.2 mL, 16 mmol), di-tert-butyldicarbonate (2.65 g, 12.1mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.096 g, 0.79 mmol) were addedsequentially to a solution of methanesulfonamide (0.75 g, 7.9 mmol) inmethylene chloride (20 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirredat room temperature for 2 h and then concentrated. EtOAc was added, andthe resultant mixture was washed with 1N aq. HCl solution, dried overMgSO₄ and concentrated to give the desired product (1 g) to be used inthe next step directly.

Step 2.N-({1-[trans-4-(Cyanomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}methyl)methanesulfonamide

To a solution of{trans-4-[2-(chloromethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile(from example 17, 22.2 mg, 0.0644 mmol) dissolved inN,N-dimethylformamide (0.2 mL) was added tert-butyl(methylsulfonyl)carbamate (19 mg, 0.096 mmol) and potassium carbonate(18 mg, 0.13 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 50° C. overnight. Themixture was diluted with water, extracted with EtOAc. The combinedorganic layers were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give tert-butyl({1-[trans-4-(cyanomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}methyl)(methylsulfonyl)carbamate.LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₃₀N₅O₄S₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=504.2. Found: 504.1. Thiscrude intermediate was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (0.1 mL, 1mmol) in methylene chloride (0.1 mL) at room temperature for 30 min, andthen the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was then dissolved inMeOH and purified on prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with agradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, atflow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (9.5 mg, 36%). LCMScalculated for C₁₈H₂₂N₅O₂S₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=404.1. Found: 404.0.

Example 19(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-6-(Hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

Step 1. tert-Butyl(4S)-2,2-dimethyl-4-vinyl-1,3-oxazolidine-3-carboxylate

To a suspension of methyl triphenylphosphonium bromide (5.63 g, 15.8mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (140 mL) was added 2.5 M n-butyllithium inhexane (7.35 mL, 18.4 mmol). The deep red solution was stirred at 0° C.for 1 h. Then a solution of tert-butyl(4R)-4-formyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-oxazolidine-3-carboxylate (from Aldrich,3.01 g, 13.1 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (7.3 mL) was added drop wise at 0°C. The red solution was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 12 h.Hexanes was added to the reaction mixture in 4:1 (v/v) ratio. Thesuspension was filtered through Celite and the filtrate concentrated.The resultant residue was purified by flash chromatography (eluting with10% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give the desired compound as colorlessoil (1.92 g, 64%).

Step 2. tert-Butyl [(1S)-1-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]carbamate

To a solution of tert-butyl(4S)-2,2-dimethyl-4-vinyl-1,3-oxazolidine-3-carboxylate (1.90 g, 8.36mmol) in methanol (83 mL) was added p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate(0.80 g, 4.2 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was slowly warmed to roomtemperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with saturatedNaHCO₃ solution, concentrated, and then diluted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (2×) and brine, dried overNa₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to give the desired product ascolorless oil (1.187 g, 76%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.81 (1H, m),5.25 (2H, m), 4.90 (1H, m), 4.25 (1H, br s), 3.67 (2H, m), 1.45 (9H, s)ppm.

Step 3. tert-Butyl[(1S)-1-({[1-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]oxy}methyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]carbamate

To a flask was charged with tert-butyl[(1S)-1-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]carbamate (0.401 g, 2.14 mmol),tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (59 mg, 0.064 mmol),N,N′-(1S,2S)-cyclohexane-1,2-diylbis[2-(diphenylphosphino)-1-naphthamide](150 mg, 0.19 mmol), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (78 mg, 0.64 mmol). Thereaction mixture was purged with N₂ three times, and then methylenechloride (21.3 mL), and 1.0 M triethylborane in THF (130 μL, 0.13 mmol)was added sequentially. After stirring for 10 min, 2-vinyloxirane (0.150g, 2.14 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred overnight.The reaction was diluted with dichloromethane and sat. NaHCO₃ solution.The organic layer was separated and dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered andconcentrated. The crude residue was purified with flash chromatography(eluting with 0-50% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give the desired product(0.271 g, 49%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.85 (1H, m), 5.67 (1H, m),5.84˜5.17 (4H, m), 4.83 (1H, m), 4.30 (1H, br s), 3.83 (1H, m), 3.69(1H, dd, J=4.5 and 6.9 Hz), 3.54 (2H, m), 3.36 (1H, dd, J=4.5 and 6.9Hz), 1.45 (9H, s) ppm.

Step 4.2-({(2S)-2[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]but-3-en-1-yl}oxy)but-3-en-1-ylacetate

To a mixture of tert-butyl[(1S)-1-({[1-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]oxy}methyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]carbamate(268 mg, 1.04 mmol) in methylene chloride (10 mL) was added withtriethylamine (435 μL, 3.12 mmol). The mixture was cooled to 0° C., andacetyl chloride (150 μL, 2.1 mmol) was added drop wise. The reaction wasstirred at room temperature for 2 h, then quenched with water. Theorganic layer was concentrated and the resultant residue purified onsilica gel (eluting with 20% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give the desiredproduct (0.26 g, 85%). LCMS calculated for C₁₀H₁₈NO₃ (M−100+H)⁺:m/z=200.1. Found: 200.1.

Step 5.{(5S)-5-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methylacetate

To a 500 mL 2-neck round bottom flask,benzylidene(dichloro)(1,3-dimesitylimidazolidin-2-id-2-yl)(tricyclohexylphosphoranyl)ruthenium(38 mg, 0.044 mmol) was added. After purged with nitrogen for 3 times,dichloromethane (anhydrous, 8 mL) was added followed by2-({(2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]but-3-en-1-yl}oxy)but-3-en-1-ylacetate (265 mg, 0.885 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 15 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residuewas purified via flash chromatography (eluting with hexanes to 25% EtOAcin hexanes) to give the desired product as a brown oil (0.205 g, 85%).LCMS calculated for C₉H₁₄NO₅ (M+H-Bu+H)⁺: m/z=216.1. Found: 216.1. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.94 (0.17H, m), 5.84 (0.83H, m), 5.69 (1H, m),4.89 (0.13H, m), 4.70 (0.83H, m), 4.25 (1H, m), 4.05 (4H, m), 3.56(0.13H, m), 3.38 (0.87H, m), 2.04 (2.49H, s), 2.03 (0.51H, m), 1.38 (9H,s) ppm (The product was a ˜5:1 mixture of trans- and cis-isomers).

Step 6. [(5S)-5-Amino-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methyl acetate

To a solution of{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methylacetate (205 mg, 0.756 mmol) in methylene chloride (5.2 mL) was added4.0 M hydrogen chloride in dioxane (1.5 mL, 6.0 mmol). The reactionsolution was stirred at room temperature for 6 h. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure to give the desired product as whitesolid. LCMS calculated for C₈H₁₄NO₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=172.1. Found: 172.1.

Step 7.{(5S)-5-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methylacetate

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (156 mg, 0.727 mmol),[(5S)-5-amino-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methyl acetate (129 mg, 0.754mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.26 mL, 1.5 mmol) in isopropylalcohol (1.7 mL) was heated at 90° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated and purified with flash chromatography to give the desiredproduct (0.21 g 83%). LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₁₆N₃O₅S (M+H)⁺: m/z=350.1.Found: 350.0.

Step 8.{(5S)-5[(6-Aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methylacetate

A mixture of{(5S)-5-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methylacetate (210 mg, 0.600 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (0.21 g) inmethanol (4.0 mL) was subjected to balloon pressure of H₂ at roomtemperature for 2 h. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate wasconcentrated and purified with flash chromatography (eluting with 15%methanol in dichloromethane) to give the desired product (145 mg, 75%).LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₂₀N₃O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=322.1. Found: 322.0.

Step 9.(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-6-(Hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (131 mg, 1.47 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (263 mg, 1.38 mmol) in THF (2 mL) wasstirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solvent was removed and theresidue dissolved in ethanol (0.85 mL) and added to a suspension of{(5S)-5-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methylacetate (145 mg, 0.451 mmol) in ethanol (3.1 mL). The mixture wasstirred at 80° C. for 1 h. The reaction was cooled to room temperatureand diluted with water (1.0 mL). Lithium hydroxide (32.4 mg, 1.35 mmol)was added, and the mixture was stirred for 2 h. The reaction mixture wasdiluted with methanol and purified with prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column,eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desired product aswhite solid (95 mg, 63%). LCMS calculated for C₁₆H₂₀N₃O₃S (M+H)⁺:m/z=334.1. Found: 334.0.

Example 20((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile

Step 1:((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate and((2S,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate

To a solution of(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol(100 mg, 0.300 mmol) (Example 19, Step 9) in methylene chloride (3.4 mL)and pyridine (0.146 mL, 1.80 mmol) was added p-toluenesulfonyl chloride(57.2 mg, 0.300 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (1.8 mg, 0.015 mmol)at 0° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperatureovernight. The reaction mixture was concentrated, diluted with methanol,and purified with prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradientof acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rateof 60 mL/min) to give two peaks. On analytic HPLC (Waters SunFire C18,2.1×50 mm, 5 μM; Flow rate 3 mL/min; Injection volume 2 μL; At gradientfrom 2 to 80% B in 3 minutes (A=water with 0.025% TFA, B=acetonitrile)):First peak (45.3 mg, 31%) retention time 1.81 min, LCMS calculated forC₂₃H₂₆N₃O₅S₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=488.1. Found: 488.1. Second peak (8.5 mg, 5.8%)retention time 1.88 min, LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₂₆N₃O₅S₂ (M+H)⁺:m/z=488.1. Found: 488.1.

Step 2.((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile

A mixture of((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate (from 1st peak of previous step, 27 mg, 0.055mmol) and sodium cyanide (4.5 mg, 0.092 mmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (0.4mL) was stirred at 50° C. for 4 h. After cooling, the mixture wasdiluted with methanol and purified with prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column,eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (14.5mg, 76%). LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₁₉N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=343.1. Found:343.0. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 9.51 (1H, s), 8.45 (1H, d, J=5.5 Hz),7.97 (1H, d, J=5.5 Hz), 5.31 (1H, m), 5.20 (1H, m), 4.31 (1H, m), 4.23(1H, m), 4.02 (1H, m), 2.96 (1H, dd, J=17.0 and 4.5 Hz), 2.85 (1H, dd,J=17.0 and 4.5 Hz), 2.66 (1H, m), 2.26 (1H, m), 2.09 (1H, m), 1.73 (1H,m), 1.69 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz) ppm.

Example 20a((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrilehydrate

((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile(52 mg, 0.15 mmol) from Example 20 was crystallized from a mixture ofacetonitrile (8 mL) and water (4 mL). The resulting colorless prismcrystal collected was suitable for X-ray crystal structure analysis.

Crystal data shows: ˜0.520×0.180×0.100 mm, orthorhombic, P212121,a=6.962(3) Å, b=11.531(4) Å, c=20.799(7) Å, Vol=1669.6(10) Å³, Z=4,T=−100.° C., Formula weight=359.42, Density=1.430 g/cm³, μ(Mo)=0.22 mm⁻¹

Data collection was done on a Bruker SMART APEX-II CCD system, MoKalpharadiation, standard focus tube, anode power=50 kV×42 mA, crystal toplate distance=5.0 cm, 512×512 pixels/frame, beam center=(256.13,253.14), total frames=1151, oscillation/frame=0.50°, exposure/frame=10.1sec/frame, SAINT integration, hkl min/max=(−9, 9, −15, 15, −27, 27),data input to shelx=17025, unique data=3975, two-theta range=3.92 to55.72°, completeness to two-theta 55.72=99.80%, R(int-x1)=0.0681, SADABScorrection applied.

Structure was solved using XS(She1xt1), refined using she1xt1 softwarepackage, refinement by full-matrix least squares on F², scatteringfactors from Int. Tab. Vol C Tables 4.2.6.8 and 6.1.1.4, number ofdata=3975, number of restraints=0, number of parameters=235,data/parameter ratio=16.91, goodness-of-fit on F²=1.04, Rindices[I>4sigma(I)] R1=0.0505, wR2=0.1242, R indices(all data)R1=0.0769, wR2=0.1401, max difference peak and hole=0.724 and −0.277e/Å³, refined flack parameter=−0.12(13), All of the CH hydrogen atomswere refined using a riding model. The OH hydrogens were found from adifference map and fully refined.

Results showed that the asymmetric unit contains one molecule and onewater as shown with thermal ellipsoids drawn to the 50% probabilitylevel. The stereochemistry at each of three stereocenters (as indicatedin the name and structure of the compound above) was confirmed. Theflack parameter refined to 0.28(24) indicating the correct enantiomericsetting.

Example 21((2S,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 20, Step 2, using((2S,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate (from Example 20, step 1, 2nd peak) instead of((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate as starting material. LCMS calculated forC₁₇H₁₉N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=343.1. Found: 343.0.

Example 22N-((1-((2S)-Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide

Step 1.N-[(2S)-Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (0.064 g, 0.30 mmol)(Example 1, Step 2), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine (from Aldrich, 0.050g, 0.45 mmol) and triethylamine (0.083 mL, 0.60 mmol) in isopropylalcohol (1.4 mL) was heated at 90° C. for 2 h. The mixture wasconcentrated to give the desired product, which was used in the nextstep without further purification. LCMS calculated for C₁₄H₁₆N₃O₂S(M+H)⁺: m/z=290.1. Found: 290.0.

Step 2.N7-[(2S)-Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]thieno[3,2-b]pyridine-6,7-diamine

A mixture ofN-[(2S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine(0.080 g, 0.28 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (0.03 g) in methanol (3mL) was subjected to balloon pressure of H₂ at room temperature for 1 h.The mixture was filtered and the filtrate concentrated to give thedesired product, which was used directly in the next step withoutfurther purification. LCMS calculated for C₁₄H₁₈N₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=260.1.Found: 260.0.

Step 3.1-[(2S)-Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-2-(chloromethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridine

A mixture ofN7-[(2S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]thieno[3,2-b]pyridine-6,7-diamine(0.060 g, 0.23 mmol) and 2-chloro-1,1,1-triethoxyethane (0.134 mL, 0.700mmol) in acetic acid (0.2 mL) was stirred at 120° C. for 30 min. Thesolvent was removed and the resultant residue was dissolved indichloromethane and purified on silica gel (eluting with 0-5% MeOH indichloromethane) to give the desired product. LCMS calculated forC₁₆H₁₇ClN₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=318.1. Found: 318.0.

Step 4.N-((1-((2S)-Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide

To a solution of1-[(2S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-2-(chloromethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridine(0.10 g, 0.31 mmol) dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (1 mL) was addedtert-butyl (methylsulfonyl)carbamate (0.092 g, 0.47 mmol) and potassiumcarbonate (0.087 g, 0.63 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 50° C.overnight, then diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. Thecombined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to givecrude tert-butyl ({1-[(2S)-bicyclo[2.2.l]hept-2-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}methyl)(methylsulfonyl)carbamate.LCMS calculated for C₂₂H₂₉N₄O₄S₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=477.2. Found: 477.1. Thecrude intermediate was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL, 6mmol) in methylene chloride (0.5 mL) at room temperature for 30 min,then the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was re-dissolved inMeOH and purified on prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with agradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, atflow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (30 mg, 25%). LCMScalculated for C₁₇H₂₁N₄O₂S₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=377.1. Found: 377.0.

Example 23(trans-4-{7-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-8H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-8-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile

Step 1. 6-Iodothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-ol

A mixture of thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-ol (from Aldrich) (0.54 g, 3.6 mmol)and N-iodosuccinimide (0.88 g, 3.9 mmol) in acetonitrile (10 mL) washeated at reflux overnight. The mixture was concentrated under reducedpressure to give the desired product which was used in the next stepwithout further purification. LCMS calculated for C₇H₅INOS (M+H)⁺:m/z=277.9. Found: 277.8.

Step 2. 7-Chloro-6-iodothieno[3,2-b]pyridine

A mixture of the crude 6-iodothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-ol (0.99 g, 3.6mmol) in phosphoryl chloride (20 mL) was heated at 120° C. for 2 h. Thereaction was cooled to room temperature, concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was co-evaporated with toluene, then diluted withdichloromethane and neutralized carefully with sat. NaHCO₃ solution. Theblack tar was filtered off and the filtrate was transferred to aseparation funnel. The organic layer was concentrated and purified onsilica gel (eluting with 0-35% EtOAc/hexanes) to give the desiredproduct (44% in 2 steps). LCMS calculated for C₇H₄ClINS (M+H)⁺:m/z=295.9. Found: 295.8.

Step 3. (2R)-4-(7-Chlorothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-6-yl)but-3-yn-2-ol

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-iodothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (0.46 g, 1.6 mmol),bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride (0.11 g, 0.16 mmol) andcopper(I) iodide (30 mg, 0.16 mmol) was purged with N₂.(2R)-but-3-yn-2-ol (0.13 g, 1.9 mmol) and triethylamine (4.5 mL, 33mmol) was added via syringe. The reaction mixture was heated at refluxfor 2 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and theresultant residue was purified on silica gel (eluting with 0-85%EtOAc/hexanes) to give the desired product. LCMS calculated forC₁₁H₉ClNOS (M+H)⁺: m/z=238.0. Found: 238.0.

Step 4.(trans-4-{7-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-8H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-8-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile

A mixture of (2R)-4-(7-chlorothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-6-yl)but-3-yn-2-ol(0.055 g, 0.23 mmol), (trans-4-aminocyclohexyl)acetonitrilehydrochloride (0.040 g, 0.23 mmol), cesium carbonate (0.19 g, 0.58mmol), palladium acetate (5.2 mg, 0.023 mmol) and(9,9-dimethyl-9H-xanthene-4,5-diyl)bis(diphenylphosphine) (27 mg, 0.046mmol) in toluene (1.1 mL) was purged with N₂ for 3 times. The resultingmixture was stirred at 100° C. for 2 h, then at 120° C. for 2 h. Themixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reducedpressure, diluted with MeOH and purified on prep-LCMS (XBridge C18column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1%ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desiredproduct (1.4 mg, 1.8%). LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₂N₃OS (M+H)⁺:m/z=340.1. Found: 340.1.

Example 24(1-Hydroxy-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile

Step 1.N-1,4-Dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine

A mixture of 1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine (from J&W PharmLab, 0.40g, 2.5 mmol), 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (0.29 g, 1.4 mmol)and triethylamine (0.38 mL, 2.7 mmol) in isopropyl alcohol (4.4 mL) wasstirred at 90° C. for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated to give thedesired product to be used in the next step directly. LCMS calculatedfor C₁₅H₁₈N₃O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=336.1. Found: 336.0.

Step 2. 4-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexanone

A mixture ofN-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-amine (0.45g, 1.3 mmol) and 3.0 M hydrogen chloride in water (9 mL, 30 mmol) inacetone (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 20 min and then at60° C. for 1 h. The mixture was basified with aq. 5M NaOH solution at 0°C., then extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were driedover sodium sulfate, concentrated and purified on silica gel column(eluting with 0-30% of EtOAc in methylene chloride) to give the desiredproduct (0.2 g, 51% in 2 steps). LCMS calculated for C₁₃H₁₄N₃O₃S (M+H)⁺:m/z=292.1. Found: 292.0.

Step 3.{1-Hydroxy-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile

A solution of N,N-diisopropylamine (0.19 mL, 1.4 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (3 mL) was cooled to 0° C. 1.6 M n-butyllithium inhexanes (0.86 mL, 1.4 mmol) was added dropwise, keeping the temperaturebelow 5° C. After the addition was complete, the mixture was stirred for20 min at 0° C. The mixture was then cooled to −78° C. and acetonitrile(0.072 mL, 1.4 mmol) was added, keeping the temperature below −70° C.After the addition was complete, the mixture was stirred for 20 min at−78° C. and a mixture of4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexanone (0.20 g, 0.69mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3 mL)/hexamethylphosphoramide (3 mL) wasadded, keeping the temperature below −70° C. After the addition wascomplete, the mixture was stirred for 30 min at −78° C. and then stirredat room temperature for 5 h. The mixture was partitioned betweenmethylene chloride and sat. aq. NH₄Cl solution. The organic phase waswashed with water, dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated and purifiedon silica gel column (eluting with 0-30% EtOAc in methylene chloride) togive the desired product (0.11 g, 48%). LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₁₇N₄O₃S(M+H)⁺: m/z=333.1. Found: 333.0.

Step 4.{4-[(6-Aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-1-hydroxycyclohexyl}acetonitrile

A mixture of{1-hydroxy-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile(0.11 g, 0.33 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (0.050 g) in methanol (7 mL) washydrogenated under balloon pressure of H₂ at room temperature for 2 h.The mixture was filtered, concentrated and purified on silica gel column(eluting with 0-10% MeOH in methylene chloride) to give the desiredproduct as a mixture of cis- and trans-isomer mixtures (38 mg, 38%).LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₁₉N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=303.1. Found: 303.0.

Step 5.(trans-1-Hydroxy-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (57 mg, 0.64 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (119 mg, 0.626 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (0.8 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Thesolvent was removed and the residue dissolved in ethanol (0.23 mL) andadded to a suspension of{4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-1-hydroxycyclohexyl}acetonitrile(38 mg, 0.12 mmol) in ethanol (0.84 mL). The mixture was stirred at 85°C. for 2 h and then purified on prep-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, elutingwith a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to give 2 peaks. On analytic HPLC(Waters SunFire C18, 2.1×50 mm, 5 μM; Flow rate 3 mL/min; Injectionvolume 2 μL; At gradient from 2 to 80% B in 3 minutes (A=water with0.025% TFA, B=acetonitrile)): First peak (5 mg, 10%) retention time0.952 min, LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₁N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=357.1. Found:357.1. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 8.94 (1H, s), 8.00 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz),7.60 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 5.78 (1H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 5.22 (1H, s), 5.13 (1H,m), 4.82 (1H, m), 2.65 (4H, m), 1.86 (2H, m), 1.73˜1.63 (4H, m), 1.59(1H, d, J=6.8 Hz) ppm. Second peak (15 mg, 33%) retention time 0.977min, LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₁N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=357.1. Found: 357.1. ¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 8.93 (1H, s), 7.99 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 7.63 (1H,d, J=5.6 Hz), 5.82 (1H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 5.33 (1H, s), 5.15 (1H, m), 4.88(1H, m), 3.05 (2H, m), 2.23 (2H, m), 1.93 (4H, m), 1.74 (2H, m), 1.61(1H, d, J=6.8 Hz) ppm.

Example 25{(2E)-1-[trans-4-(Cyanomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-ylidene}cyanamidetrifluoroacetate

A solution of{trans-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile(0.028 g, 0.098 mmol), diphenyl cyanocarbonimidate (0.046 g, 0.20 mmol)and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.17 mL, 0.98 mmol) in acetonitrile (1mL) was heated at 100° C. for 2 h. The mixture was stripped to dryness,diluted with methanol (MeOH) and then purified by prep-HPLC (XBridge C18column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.05%TFA, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desired product as TFA salt(2.5 mg, 7.6%). LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₁₇N₆S (M+H)⁺: m/z=337.1. Found:337.1.

Example 26[trans-4-(2-Cyclopropyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile

A mixture of cyclopropanecarboxamide (65.0 mg, 0.764 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (145 mg, 0.763 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (0.4 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h andthen concentrated. A mixture of{trans-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile(22 mg, 0.077 mmol), and the above made reagent in ethanol (0.70 mL) washeated at reflux for 2 h. The mixture was purified on prep-HPLC (XBridgeC18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desiredproduct (2.5 mg, 9.7%). LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₁N₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=337.1.Found: 337.0.

Example 27[trans-4-(2-Isopropyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile

A mixture of 2-methylpropanamide (80 mg, 0.9 mmol) and triethyloxoniumtetrafluoroborate (170 mg, 0.89 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (0.4 mL) wasstirred at room temperature for 1 h and then concentrated. A mixture of{trans-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile(22 mg, 0.077 mmol) and the above made reagent in ethanol (0.70 mL) washeated at reflux for 2 h. The mixture was purified on prep-HPLC (XBridgeC18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desiredproduct (2.9 mg, 11%). LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₃N₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=339.2.Found: 339.0.

Example 28[trans-4-(2-Azetidin-3-yl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile

Step 1. tert-Butyl 3-(aminocarbonyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate

To a solution of 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)azetidine-3-carboxylic acid(from Activate Scientific. 0.25 g, 1.2 mmol), ammonium acetate (0.14 g,1.9 mmol) and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)uroniumhexafluorophosphate (0.71 g, 1.9 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (4 mL)was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.43 mL, 2.5 mmol). The mixture wasstirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was diluted with MeOHand purified on prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradientof acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rateof 60 mL/min) to give the desired product (0.156 g, 63%). LCMScalculated for C₉H₁₆N₂O₃Na (M+Na)⁺: m/z=223.1. Found: 223.0.

Step 2. tert-Butyl3-{1-[trans-4-(cyanomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}azetidine-1-carboxylate

A mixture of tert-butyl 3-(aminocarbonyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate (156mg, 0.779 mmol) and triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (280 mg, 1.5 mmol)in tetrahydrofuran (0.4 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h andthen concentrated. A mixture of{trans-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile(39 mg, 0.14 mmol) and the above made reagent in ethanol (0.70 mL) washeated at reflux for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature,diluted with EtOAc, washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution, dried over MgSO₄,concentrated and purified on silica gel column (0-5% MeOH in methylenechloride) to give the desired product. LCMS calculated for C₂₄H₃₀N₅O₂S(M+H)⁺: m/z=452.2. Found: 452.1.

Step 3.[trans-4-(2-Azetidin-3-yl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile

3-{1-[trans-4-(Cyanomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}azetidine-1-carboxylate(14 mg, 0.031 mmol) was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) inmethylene chloride (1 mL) at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture wasstripped to dryness, diluted with MeOH and purified on prep-HPLC(XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/watercontaining 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to givethe desired product. LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₂N₅S (M+H)⁺: m/z=352.2.Found: 352.0.

Example 29{trans-4-[2-(1-Methylazetidin-3-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile

To a solution of[trans-4-(2-azetidin-3-yl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile(14 mg, 0.038 mmol) in methanol (0.5 mL)/tetrahydrofuran (0.5mL)/acetonitrile (0.5 mL) was added 37% aq. formaldehyde solution (12μL, 0.16 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 10 min before sodium triacetoxyborohydride (16 mg, 0.077 mmol) wasadded. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and thendiluted with MeOH and purified by prep-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, elutingwith a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desired product (0.8mg, 6%). LCMS calculated for C₂₀H₂₄N₅S (M+H)⁺: m/z=366.2. Found: 366.1.

Example 303-[(cis-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)amino]propanenitrile

Step 1. tert-Butyl{4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}carbamate

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (118 mg, 0.550 mmol),tert-butyl (4-aminocyclohexyl)carbamate (140 mg, 0.66 mmol) andtriethylamine (0.23 mL, 1.6 mmol) in isopropyl alcohol (5 mL) was heatedat 100° C. for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated to give the desiredproduct as a mixture of cis- & trans-isomer mixtures to be used in thenext step directly. LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₅N₄O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=393.2.Found: 393.1.

Step 2. tert-Butyl{4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}carbamate

tert-Butyl{4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}carbamate (216mg, 0.550 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (20 mg) in methanol (5 mL) was subjected toballoon pressure of H₂ at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture wasfiltered, concentrated and purified on silica gel column (eluting with0-10% MeOH in methylene chloride) to give the desired product. LCMScalculated for C₁₈H₂₇N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=363.2. Found: 363.1.

Step 3. tert-Butyl(4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)carbamate

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (320 mg, 3.6 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (0.69 g, 3.6 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran(3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then concentrated. Amixture of tert-butyl{4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}carbamate (191mg, 0.527 mmol) and the above made reagent in ethanol (4.8 mL) washeated at reflux for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated and purified onsilica gel column (eluting with 0-10% MeOH in methylene chloride) togive the desired product. LCMS calculated for C₂₁H₂₉N₄O₃S (M+H)⁺:m/z=417.2. Found: 417.0.

Step 4.(1R)-1-[1-(4-Aminocyclohexyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl]ethanoldihydrochloride

tert-Butyl(4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)carbamate(0.22 g, 0.53 mmol) was treated with 4.0 M hydrogen chloride in dioxane(0.66 mL, 2.6 mmol) in methylene chloride (3 mL) at room temperatureovernight. The mixture was concentrated to give the desired product asHCl salt (0.22 g, 94%). LCMS calculated for C₁₆H₂₁N₄OS (M+H)⁺:m/z=317.1. Found: 317.0.

Step 5.3-[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)amino]propanenitrile

To a solution of(1R)-1-[1-(4-aminocyclohexyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl]ethanoldihydrochloride (26 mg, 0.067 mmol) in acetonitrile (0.45 mL) was added1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (50 μL, 0.33 mmol) followed by2-propenenitrile (8.78 μL, 0.134 mmol). The resulting mixture wasstirred at room temperature overnight. After evaporated to dry, theresidue was purified by prep-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with agradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, atflow rate of 60 mL/min) to give 2 peaks. On analytic HPLC (WatersSunFire C18, 2.1×50 mm, 5 μM; Flow rate 3 mL/min; Injection volume 2 μL;At gradient from 2 to 80% B in 3 minutes (A=water with 0.025% TFA,B=acetonitrile)): First peak (4.3 mg, 17%) retention time 0.683 min,LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₄N₅OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=370.2. Found: 370.1. Secondpeak from the prep-HPLC (4.3 mg, 17%) retention time is 0.598 min on theanalytic HPLC, LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₄N₅OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=370.2. Found:370.1.

Example 31N-Ethyl-2-(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetamide

Step 1. Ethyl{trans-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetate

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (97 mg, 0.45 mmol),ethyl (trans-4-aminocyclohexyl)acetate hydrochloride (from ActivateScientific, 120 mg, 0.54 mmol) and triethylamine (0.19 mL, 1.4 mmol) inisopropyl alcohol (4 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 1 h. The mixture wasconcentrated to give the desired product to be used in the next stepdirectly. LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₂₂N₃O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=364.1. Found:364.1.

Step 2. Ethyl{trans-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetate

Ethyl{trans-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetate(160 mg, 0.44 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (20 mg) in methanol (4 mL) wassubjected to balloon pressure of H₂ at room temperature for 2 h. Themixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and purified onsilica gel column (eluting with 0-10% MeOH in methylene chloride) togive the desired product. LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₂₄N₃O₂S (M+H)⁺:m/z=334.2. Found: 334.1.

Step 3. Ethyl(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetate

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (170 mg, 1.9 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (0.36 g, 1.9 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran(2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then concentrated. Amixture of ethyl{trans-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetate(150 mg, 0.45 mmol) and the above made reagent in ethanol (4.8 mL) washeated at reflux for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated and purified onsilica gel column (eluting with 0-5% MeOH in methylene chloride) to givethe desired product (0.15 g, 86%). LCMS calculated for C₂₀H₂₆N₃O₃S(M+H)⁺: m/z=388.2. Found: 388.1.

Step 4.(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)aceticacid

A mixture of ethyl(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetate(0.15 g, 0.39 mmol) and lithium hydroxide, monohydrate (0.079 g, 1.9mmol) in water (0.7 mL)/methanol (1.7 mL)/tetrahydrofuran (1.7 mL) wasstirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was acidified with1N aq. HCl solution to pH=4, extracted with methylene chloride. Thecombined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to givethe desired product (0.11 g, 79%) to be used in the next step directly.LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₂N₃O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=360.1. Found: 360.1.

Step 5.N-Ethyl-2-(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetamide

To a solution of(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)aceticacid (11 mg, 0.031 mmol), 2.0 M ethylamine in THF (23 μL, 0.046 mmol)and benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphoniumhexafluorophosphate (23 mg, 0.052 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (0.4mL) was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.016 mL, 0.092 mmol). Themixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was dilutedwith MeOH and purified on prep-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with agradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, atflow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (1.8 mg, 15%). LCMScalculated for C₂₀H₂₇N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=387.2. Found: 387.1.

Example 323-(3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)propanenitrile

Step 1. tert-Butyl [3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl]carbamate

To a mixture of 3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclohexanecarboxylic acid(from Alfa Aesar, 3.3 g, 14 mmol) and triethylamine (3.8 mL, 27 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (40 mL) at 0° C. was added dropwise ethyl chloroformate(1.9 mL, 20 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min and thenat room temperature for 20 min. The mixture was filtered to remove thewhite solid and then cooled to 0° C. A mixture of sodiumtetrahydroborate (1.0 g, 27 mmol) and methanol (1 mL) was added slowly.The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture wasquenched with 1N aq. HCl solution and extracted with EtOAc. The extractswere concentrated and purified on silica gel column (eluting with 75%EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product (2.88 g, 92%). LCMScalculated for C₁₃H₂₃NO₃Na (M+Na)⁺: m/z=252.2. Found: 252.1.

Step 2. tert-Butyl (3-formylcyclohexyl)carbamate

To a solution of tert-butyl [3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl]carbamate (0.51g, 2.2 mmol) in methylene chloride (10 mL) at 0° C. was addedDess-Martin periodinane (1.1 g, 2.7 mmol). The mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with aq. 1N NaOHsolution and extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organiclayers were washed with water and then brine, dried over MgSO₄,concentrated, and then purified on silica gel column (eluting with20-50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product (0.3 g, 59%). LCMScalculated for C₁₂H₂₁NO₃Na (M+Na)⁺: m/z=250.2. Found: 250.1.

Step 3. tert-Butyl {3-[2-cyanovinyl]cyclohexyl}carbamate

To 1.0 M potassium tert-butoxide in THF (2.0 mL, 2.0 mmol) was addeddiethyl cyanomethylphosphonate (0.30 mL, 1.8 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. andthe mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. A solution of tert-butyl(3-formylcyclohexyl)carbamate (0.30 g, 1.3 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (9.3mL) was added dropwise, then cooling bath was removed, and the mixturewas stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was diluted withEtOAc, washed with water, concentrated and purified on silica gel column(eluting with 0-30% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product as amixture of cis- and trans-isomer mixtures (0.12 g, 36%). LCMS calculatedfor C₁₄H₂₂N₂O₂Na (M+Na)⁺: m/z=273.2. Found: 273.1.

Step 4. 3-(3-Aminocyclohexyl)acrylonitrile hydrochloride

tert-Butyl {3-[2-cyanovinyl]cyclohexyl}carbamate was treated with 4.0 Mhydrogen chloride in dioxane (1.6 mL, 6.6 mmol) in methylene chloride (2mL) at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was stripped to dryness togive the desired product as a mixture of cis- and trans-isomers. LCMScalculated for C₉H₁₅N₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=151.1. Found: 151.1.

Step 5.3-{3-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acrylonitrile

A mixture of 3-(3-aminocyclohexyl)acrylonitrile hydrochloride (0.090 g,0.48 mmol), 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (0.085 g, 0.40 mmol)and triethylamine (0.22 mL, 1.6 mmol) in isopropyl alcohol (0.9 mL) washeated at 90° C. for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated to give thedesired product to be used in the next step directly. LCMS calculatedfor C₁₆H₁₇N₄O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=329.1. Found: 329.1.

Step 6.3-{3-[(6-Aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}propanenitrile

A mixture of3-{3-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acrylonitrile(0.13 g, 0.40 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (0.05 g) in methanol (10 mL) washydrogenated under balloon pressure of H₂ at room temperature overweekend. The mixture was filtered, concentrated and purified on silicagel column (eluting with 0-10% MeOH in methylene chloride) to give thedesired product. LCMS calculated for C₁₆H₂₁N₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=301.1. Found:301.0.

Step 7.3-(3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)propanenitrile

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (194 mg, 2.18 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (0.41 g, 2.2 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran(2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then concentrated. Amixture of3-{3-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}propanenitrile(131 mg, 0.436 mmol) and the above made reagent in ethanol (4.7 mL) washeated at reflux for 2 h. The mixture was filtered, diluted with MeOHand purified on prep-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradientof acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rateof 60 mL/min) to give the desired product (60 mg, 39%). LCMS calculatedfor C₁₉H₂₃N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=355.2. Found: 355.0.

Example 33[4-(7-Methylimidazo[1,2-a]thieno[3,2-e]pyrazin-8-yl)phenyl]acetonitrile

Step 1. 6-Bromo-5-chloro-2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine

Into a 1-neck round-bottom flask N,N-diisopropylamine (0.50 mL, 3.6mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (4.0 mL) and cooled at −78° C.1.6 M n-butyllithium in hexane (1.9 mL, 3.1 mmol) was added. Thereaction was stirred at −78° C. for 30 min and6-bromo-2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine (from Ark Pharm, 0.500 g, 2.36mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (6.0 mL) was added dropwise. The reactionmixture was stirred at −78° C. for 45 min and hexachloroethane (0.72 g,3.1 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1h. The reaction was quenched with NH₄Cl solution and then partitionedbetween EtOAc and water. The EtOAc extract was washed with brine, dried(MgSO4), and stripped in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed onsilica gel eluting with 40% EtOAc in hexanes to give the desired product(0.25 g, 43%). LCMS calculated for C₇H₆BrClN₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=245.9. Found:245.9. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 8.72 (1H, s), 7.68 (1H, s), 2.56 (3H,s) ppm.

Step 2.5-Chloro-2-methyl-6-[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine

A mixture of 6-bromo-5-chloro-2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine (0.710 g,2.88 mmol), bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride (0.1 g, 0.1mmol), (trimethylsilyl)acetylene (0.90 mL, 6.3 mmol), copper(I) iodide(0.04 g, 0.2 mmol), and triethylamine (0.803 mL, 5.76 mmol) inN,N-dimethylformamide (8.5 mL) was heated in an oil bath at 45° C. andstirring for 14 h. The reaction was quenched with water (20 ml) and wasextracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 ml). The combined organic extractswere washed with water (10 ml), saturated NaCl (10 ml), dried overNa₂SO₄ and the solvent removed in vacuo. The product was purified bysilica gel chromatography eluting with 10-20% EtOAc in hexanes to givethe desired product (0.39 g, 76%). LCMS calculated for C₁₂H₁₅ClN₃Si(M+H)⁺: m/z=264.1. Found: 264.0.

Step 3. 7-Methylimidazo[1,2-a]thieno[3,2-e]pyrazine

A mixture of5-chloro-2-methyl-6-[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine(0.400 g, 1.52 mmol), and sodium sulfide nonahydrate (1.09 g, 4.55 mmol)in N,N-dimethylformamide (6.0 mL) was heated in a preheated oil bath at100° C. with stirring for 1 h. The reaction was cooled and partitionedbetween EtOAc and water. The organic layer was washed with water, brine,dried and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue waschromatographed on silica gel eluting with EtOAc and 3% MeOH in EtOAc togive the desired product (0.15 g, 52%). LCMS calculated for C₉H₈N₃S(M+H)⁺: m/z=190.0. Found: 190.0.

Step 4. 8-Iodo-7-methylimidazo[1,2-a]thieno[3,2-e]pyrazine

A mixture of 7-methylimidazo[1,2-a]thieno[3,2-e]pyrazine (30 mg, 0.16mmol), and N-iodosuccinimide (39 mg, 0.17 mmol) in methylene chloride(1.2 mL) was stirred at 25° C. for 16 h. The product was purified byprep-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of60 mL/min) to give the desired product (15 mg, 30%). LCMS calculated forC₉H₇IN₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=315.9. Found: 316.0. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 8.89(1H, s), 7.55 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 7.35 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 2.55 (3H, s)ppm.

Step 5.[4-(7-Methylimidazo[1,2-a]thieno[3,2-e]pyrazin-8-yl)phenyl]acetonitrile

A mixture of [4-(cyanomethyl)phenyl]boronic acid (from Aldrich, 9.3 mg,0.058 mmol), 8-iodo-7-methylimidazo[1,2-a]thieno[3,2-e]pyrazine (12 mg,0.038 mmol), and potassium carbonate (16 mg, 0.12 mmol), in acetonitrile(0.6 mL) and water (0.2 mL) was degassed. Into the mixture was addedtetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (2.2 mg, 0.0019 mmol). Thereaction mixture was heated at 160° C. for 10 min in a microwavereactor. The reaction was diluted with methanol, filtered. The filtratewas purified by prep-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradientof acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rateof 60 mL/min) to give the desired product. LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₁₃N₄S(M+H)⁺: m/z=305.1. Found: 305.0. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 9.01 (1H, s),7.55 (4H, m), 7.49 (1H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 7.14 (1H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 3.93 (2H,s), 2.48 (3H, s) ppm.

Example 34 Mixture of[(1R,2R,4S)-2-hydroxy-4-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitriletrifluoroacetate and[(1S,2S,4R)-2-hydroxy-4-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitriletrifluoroacetate

Step 1.Methyl-2-methoxy-4-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate

A mixture of methyl acrylate (5.23 mL, 58.0 mmol) and1-methoxy-3-(trimethylsiloxy)-1,3-butadiene (from Aldrich, 10.0 g, 58.0mmol) in toluene (100 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 2 d. The reactionsolution was concentrated and purified on silica gel column to give thedesired product as a mixture of trans- and cis-isomers (8.3 g, 55%). ¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.16 (1H, m), 4.97 (1H, m), 4.22 (1H, m), 4.08(1H, m), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.67 (3H, s), 3.32 (3H, s), 3.24 (3H, s), 2.59(1H, m), 2.51 (1H, m), 1.80-2.14 (8H, m), 0.18 (18H, s) ppm.

Step 2. Methyl (1S,2R)-2-methoxy-4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate (racemic)and methyl (1S,2S)-2-methoxy-4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate (racemic)

To a solution ofmethyl-2-methoxy-4-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate(8.3 g, 32 mmol) in methanol (200 mL) was added potassium carbonate (2.2g, 16 mmol) at 0° C. After stirring for 20 min, the reaction was dilutedwith saturated NH₄Cl solution and ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer wasextracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washedwith brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated in vacuo. The crude waspurified with flash chromatography (eluting with 0 to 50% ethyl acetatein hexanes) to give trans-isomer (first elute, 1.5 g, 25%), andcis-isomer (last elute, 1.35 g, 22%). For the trans-isomer: ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.89 (1H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 3.33 (3H, s), 2.85 (1H, m),2.78 (1H, m), 2.44 (2H, m), 2.32 (1H, m), 2.15 (1H, m), 1.96 (1H, m)ppm. For the cis-isomer: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.18 (1H, m), 3.72(3H, s), 3.30 (3H, s), 2.85 (2H, m), 2.46 (2H, m), 2.28 (1H, m), 2.12(1H, m) ppm.

Step 3. Methyl (1S,2R,4R)-4-hydroxy-2-methoxycyclohexanecarboxylate(racemic)

To a solution of methyl (1S,2R)-2-methoxy-4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate(racemic, cis-isomer from last step) (1.35 g, 7.25 mmol) in methanol (30mL) was added sodium tetrahydroborate (270 mg, 7.2 mmol) at −78° C.After stirring for 1 h, the reaction was diluted with sat. NH₄Clsolution and ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethylacetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried overNa₂SO₄, concentrated and purified with flash chromatography (elutingwith 70% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give the desired product (1.26 g,92%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.96 (2H, m), 3.72 (3H, s), 3.38 (3H,s), 2.45 (1H, m), 2.31 (1H, m), 2.11 (1H, m), 1.97 (1H, m), 1.77 (1H,m), 1.50 (2H, m) ppm.

Step 4. Methyl(1S,2R,4R)-2-methoxy-4-[(methylsulfonyl)oxy]cyclohexanecarboxylate(racemic)

A solution of methyl(1S,2R,4R)-4-hydroxy-2-methoxycyclohexanecarboxylate (racemic) (1.14 g,6.06 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 mL) was treated with methanesulfonylchloride (0.938 mL, 12.1 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirredat 0° C. for 2 h and partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. Theorganic phase was concentrated and purified on silica gel (eluting with50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give the desired product (1.48 g, 93%).¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.89 (1H, m), 3.70 (3H, s), 3.62 (1H, m), 3.36(3H, s), 3.02 (3H, s), 2.78 (1H, m), 2.42 (1H, m), 2.01 (2H, m), 1.98(1H, m), 1.80 (1H, m), 1.62 (1H, m) ppm.

Step 5. Methyl (1S,2R,4S)-4-azido-2-methoxycyclohexanecarboxylate(racemic)

To a solution of methyl(1S,2R,4R)-2-methoxy-4-[(methylsulfonyl)oxy]cyclohexanecarboxylate(racemic) (1.48 g, 5.56 mmol) in DMF (19 mL) sodium azide (1.4 g, 22mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred and heated at 80° C.for 4 h. The reaction mixture was poured into sat. NaHCO₃ solution andextracted with ethyl acetate (2×30 mL). The combined extracts werewashed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated. The crude waspurified by flash chromatography (eluting with a gradient of 0-35% ethylacetate in hexanes) to give the desired product as colorless oil (1.02g, 86%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.98 (1H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.58 (1H,m), 3.36 (3H, s), 2.38 (2H, m), 2.06 (1H, m), 1.90 (2H, m), 1.36 (2H, m)ppm.

Step 6. Methyl(1S,2R,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-methoxycyclohexanecarboxylate(racemic)

To a solution of methyl(1S,2R,4S)-4-azido-2-methoxycyclohexanecarboxylate (racemic) (901 mg,4.22 mmol) in methanol (26 mL) was added di-tert-butyldicarbonate (1.11g, 5.07 mmol) followed by 10% palladium on carbon (720 mg, 0.68 mmol).The resulting mixture was stirred under balloon pressure of hydrogenovernight. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite andwashed with methanol. The solvent was removed and residue was purifiedwith flash chromatography (eluting with 0-40% ethyl acetate in hexanes)to give the desired product as colorless oil (0.96 g, 79%). ¹H NMR (300MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.38 (1H, m), 3.92 (1H, m), 3.66 (3H, s), 3.28 (3H, s),2.35 (2H, m), 2.07-1.76 (3H, m), 1.40 (9H, s), 1.08 (2H, m) ppm.

Step 7. tert-Butyl[(1S,3R,4R)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxycyclohexyl]carbamate (racemic)

Methyl(1S,2R,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-methoxycyclohexanecarboxylate(racemic) (0.87 g, 3.0 mmol) were dissolved in ether (27 mL) and cooledto 0° C. Lithium tetrahydroaluminate (138 mg, 3.63 mmol) was added andthe resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 4 h. The reaction wasquenched with 5 mL water at 0° C., then diluted with 5 mL 15% NaOH and15 mL water after stirring for 30 min. The reaction mixture was filteredthrough a pad of Celite and washed with ethyl acetate. The aqueous layerwas extracted with ethyl acetate (2×). The combined organic layers werewashed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. Thecrude was purified with flash chromatography (eluting with a gradient of0-80% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give the desired product as whitefoam.

Step 8.{(1R,2R,4S)-4-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-methoxycyclohexyl}methylmethanesulfonate (racemic)

To a solution of tert-butyl[(1S,3R,4R)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxycyclohexyl]carbamate (racemic)(671 mg, 2.59 mmol) in dichloromethane (8 mL) was added methanesulfonylchloride (0.401 mL, 5.18 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C.for 1 h, then concentrated and partitioned between ethyl acetate andwater. The organic phase was concentrated and purified by flashchromatography (eluting with a gradient of 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes)to give the desired product (0.87 g, 100%). LCMS calculated forC₉H₁₆NO₅S (M+H-t-Bu-MeOH)⁺: m/z=250.1. Found: 250.0.

Step 9. [(1R,2R,4S)-4-Amino-2-methoxycyclohexyl]acetonitriletrifluoroacetate (racemic)

A mixture of{(1R,2R,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-methoxycyclohexyl}methylmethanesulfonate (racemic) (703 mg, 2.08 mmol) and sodium cyanide (120mg, 2.5 mmol) in DMSO (7 mL) was stirred at 90° C. overnight. Aftercooling, the mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and brine.The organic layer was washed with water and brine, and concentrated togive the Boc-protected azide intermediate. A solution of theintermediate in dichloromethane (9 mL) was treated with TFA (9 mL) andstirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction solution wasconcentrated to give the desired product as TFA salt. LCMS calculatedfor C₉H₁₇N₂O (M+H)⁺: m/z=169.1. Found: 169.2.

Step 10.{(1R,2R,4S)-2-Methoxy-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile(racemic)

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (381 mg, 1.78 mmol),[(1R,2R,4S)-4-amino-2-methoxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile (racemic) (310 mg,1.8 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.2 mL, 7.1 mmol) in isopropylalcohol (4.2 mL) was heated at 90° C. for 2 h. The crude wasconcentrated and purified with flash chromatography to give the desiredproduct (485 mg, 78%). LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₁₉N₄O₃S (M+H)⁺:m/z=347.1. Found: 347.0.

Step 11.{(1R,2R,4S)-4-[(6-Aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-2-methoxycyclohexyl}acetonitrile(racemic)

A mixture of{(1R,2R,4S)-2-methoxy-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile(racemic) (380 mg, 1.1 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (0.38 g, 0.36mmol) in methanol (7.3 mL) was subjected to balloon pressure of H₂ atroom temperature for 2 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate wasconcentrated and purified with flash chromatography (eluting with 15%methanol in dichloromethane) to give the desired product (310 mg, 89%).LCMS calculated for C₁₆H₂₁N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=317.1. Found: 317.1.

Step 12.[(1R,2R,4S)-2-Methoxy-4-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile(racemic)

A mixture of{(1R,2R,4S)-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-2-methoxycyclohexyl}acetonitrile(racemic) (45 mg, 0.14 mmol) and triethyl orthoacetate (79 μL, 0.43mmol) in acetic acid (0.4 mL, 7 mmol) was stirred at 120° C. for 30 min.The solvent was removed, and the residue dissolved in methanol andpurified with prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of60 mL/min) to give the desired product (28 mg, 58%). LCMS calculated forC₁₈H₂₁N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=341.1. Found: 341.0.

Step 13. Mixture of[(1R,2R,4S)-2-hydroxy-4-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitriletrifluoroacetate and[(1S,2S,4R)-2-hydroxy-4-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitriletrifluoroacetate

To a microwave vial charged with[(1R,2R,4S)-2-methoxy-4-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile(racemic) (28 mg, 0.082 mmol) was added acetonitrile (1 mL) andiodotrimethylsilane (0.60 mL, 4.2 mmol). The reaction solution washeated at 80° C. for 6 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanoland purified with HPLC purification (XBridge C18 column, eluting with agradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% TFA, at flow rate of 60mL/min) to give the desired product as a racemic mixture. LCMScalculated for C₁₇H₁₉N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=327.1. Found: 327.1.

Example 35 Mixture of[(1R,2R,4S)-4-(2-ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-methoxycyclohexyl]acetonitriletrifluoroacetate and[(1S,2S,4R)-4-(2-ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-methoxycyclohexyl]acetonitriletrifluoacetate

Step 1.[(1R,2S,4S)-4-(2-Ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-methoxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile(racemic)

The desired compound was prepared according to the procedure of Example34, steps 12, using1,1,1-triethoxy-{(1R,2R,4S)-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-2-methoxycyclohexyl}acetonitrile (racemic) and propane as thestarting material. LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₃N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=355.2.Found: 355.1.

Step 2. Mixture of[(1R,2R,4S)-4-(2-ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-methoxycyclohexyl]acetonitriletrifluoroacetate and[(1S,2S,4R)-4-(2-ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-methoxycyclohexyl]acetonitriletrifluoacetate

The desired compound was prepared according to the procedure of Example34, steps 13, using[(1R,2S,4S)-4-(2-ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-methoxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile(racemic) as the starting material. LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₁N₄OS(M+H)⁺: m/z=341.1. Found: 341.1.

Example 36((1R,2R,4S)-2-Hydroxy-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrileand((1S,2S,4R)-2-hydroxy-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile

Step 1. Mixture of((1R,2R,4S)-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}-2-methoxycyclohexyl)acetonitrileand((1R,2R,4S)-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}-2-methoxycyclohexyl)acetonitrile

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (82.2 mg, 0.922 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (160 mg, 0.87 mmol) in THF (4.6 mL)was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solvent was removed and theresidue dissolved in ethanol (2.0 mL) and added to a suspension of{(1R,2R,4S)-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-2-methoxycyclohexyl}acetonitrile(racemic) (89 mg, 0.28 mmol) in ethanol (0.9 mL). The mixture wasstirred at 80° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was diluted withmethanol and purified with prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with agradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, atflow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desired product as white solid (65mg, 62%). LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₃N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=371.2. Found:371.0.

Step 2.((1R,2R,4S)-2-Hydroxy-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrileand((1S,2S,4R)-2-hydroxy-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile

To a solution of((1R,2R,4S)-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}-2-methoxycyclohexyl)acetonitrile(diastereoisomer mixture) (40.2 mg, 0.108 mmol) in acetonitrile (2.5 mL)was added iodotrimethylsilane (772 μL, 5.42 mmol). The resulting mixturewas heated at 90° C. for 4 h. The reaction was quenched with methanoland purified with prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradientof acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% TFA, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) togive the desired product as mixture of two diastereomers. The racemicmixture was separated by chiral column (Phenomenex Lux Cellulose A-2,Sum, 21.2×250 mm, 15% ethanol/85% hexanes, flow rate: 18 ml/min, 2mg/injection) to give two peaks. Isomer 1 (first to elute): LCMScalculated for C₁₈H₂₁N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=357.1. Found: 357.0. Isomer 2(second to elute): LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₁N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=357.1.Found: 357.0.

Example 37((1R,2S,4S)-2-Hydroxy-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitriletrifluoacetate and((1S,2R,4R)-2-hydroxy-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitriletrifluoacetate

Step 1. Methyl (1S,2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-2-methoxycyclohexanecarboxylate(racemic)

To a solution of methyl (1S,2S)-2-methoxy-4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate(trans-isomer from example 34 step 2, first elute, racemic) (1.5 g, 8.0mmol) in THF (20 mL) at −78° C. was added 1.0 M L-Selectride in THF (12mL). After stirring at the same temperature for 2 h, the reaction wasdiluted with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and ethyl acetate. The aqueous layerwas extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x). The combined organic layers werewashed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. Thecrude was purified with flash chromatography (eluting with 0-65% ethylacetate in hexanes) to give the desired product as colorless oil (1.5 g,100%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.18 (1H, m), 3.82 (1H, m), 3.70 (3H,s), 3.32 (3H, s), 2.43 (1H, m), 2.10 (1H, m), 1.96 (1H, m), 1.76 (1H,m), 1.71-1.48 (2H, m), 1.40 (1H, m) ppm.

Step 2. Methyl(1R,2R,4S)-2-methoxy-4-[(methylsulfonyl)oxy]cyclohexanecarboxylate(racemic)

A solution of methyl(1R,2R,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-methoxycyclohexanecarboxylate (racemic) (1.50 g,7.97 mmol) in dichloromethane (40 mL) was treated with methanesulfonylchloride (1.23 mL, 15.9 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirredat 0° C. for 2 h and partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. Theorganic phase was concentrated and purified on silica gel (eluting with50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give the desired product (2.12 g, 91%).¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.62 (1H, m), 3.71 (3H, s), 3.48 (1H, m), 3.33(3H, s), 3.02 (3H, s), 2.64 (1H, m), 2.32 (1H, m), 2.19 (1H, m), 2.00(1H, m), 1.60-1.42 (3H, m) ppm.

Step 3. Methyl (1R,2R,4R)-4-azido-2-methoxycyclohexanecarboxylate(racemic)

To a solution of methyl(1R,2R,4S)-2-methoxy-4-[(methylsulfonyl)oxy]cyclohexanecarboxylate(racemic) (1.92 g, 7.21 mmol) in DMF (24 mL) sodium azide (1.9 g, 29mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred and heated at 80° C.for 4 h. The reaction mixture was poured into sat. NaHCO₃ solution andextracted with ethyl acetate (2×30 mL). The combined extracts werewashed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated. The crude waspurified by flash chromatography (eluting with a gradient 0-35% ethylacetate in hexanes) to give the desired product as colorless oil (1.22g, 79%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.70 (3H, s), 3.44 (1H, m), 3.32 (3H,s), 3.30 (1H, m), 2.48 (1H, m), 2.32 (1H, m), 2.00 (2H, m), 1.48 (1H,m), 1.28 (2H, m) ppm.

Step 4. Methyl(1S,2S,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-methoxycyclohexanecarboxylate(racemic)

A solution of methyl (1S,2S,4S)-4-azido-2-methoxycyclohexanecarboxylate(racemic) (1.2 g, 5.6 mmol) in methanol (34 mL) was addeddi-tert-butyldicarbonate (1.47 g, 6.75 mmol), followed by 10% palladiumon carbon (960 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred under H₂ balloonovernight. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite andwashed with methanol. The solvent was removed and residue was purifiedwith flash chromatography (eluting with a gradient 0-40% ethyl acetatein hexanes) to give the desired product as colorless oil (1.02 g, 63%).¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.54 (1H, m), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.48 (1H, m), 3.32(3H, s), 2.43 (1H, m), 2.31 (1H, m), 1.94 (2H, m), 1.54 (1H, m), 1.43(9H, s), 1.08 (2H, m) ppm.

Step 5. tert-Butyl[(1S,3S,4R)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxycyclohexyl]carbamate (racemic)

Methyl(1S,2S,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-methoxycyclohexanecarboxylate(racemic) (1.02 g, 3.55 mmol) were dissolved in ether (32 mL) and cooledto 0° C. Lithium tetrahydroaluminate (162 mg, 4.26 mmol) was added andthe resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h. The reaction was quenchedwith 5 mL water at 0° C., then diluted with 5 mL 15% NaOH and 15 mLwater after stirring for 30 min. The reaction mixture was filteredthrough a pad of Celite and washed with ethyl acetate. The aqueous layerwas extracted with ethyl acetate (2×). The combined organic layers werewashed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. Thecrude was purified with flash chromatography (eluting with a gradient of0-80% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give the desired product as whitefoam. LCMS calculated for C₈H₁₈NO₂ (M+H-Boc)⁺: m/z=160.1. Found: 160.2.¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.46 (1H, brs), 3.71-3.40 (3H, m), 3.37 (3H,s), 3.12 (2H, m), 2.48 (1H, m), 1.94 (1H, m), 1.71-1.50 (3H, m), 1.41(9H, s), 1.05 (2H, m) ppm.

Step 6.{(1R,2S,4S)-4-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-methoxycyclohexyl}methylmethanesulfonate

To a solution of tert-butyl[(1S,3S,4R)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxycyclohexyl]carbamate (racemic)(720 mg, 2.8 mmol) in dichloromethane (9 mL) was added methanesulfonylchloride (0.430 mL, 5.56 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C.for 1 h. The mixture was then concentrated and partitioned between ethylacetate and water. The organic phase was concentrated and purified byflash chromatography (eluting with a gradient of 50% ethyl acetate inhexanes) to give the desired product (0.859 g, 92%). LCMS calculated forC₉H₂₀NO₄S (M+H-Boc)⁺: m/z=238.1. Found: 238.0.

Step 7. [(1R,2S,4S)-4-amino-2-methoxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile (racemic)

A mixture of{(1R,2S,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-methoxycyclohexyl}methylmethanesulfonate (661 mg, 1.96 mmol) and sodium cyanide (115 mg, 2.35mmol) in DMSO (6 mL) was stirred at 90° C. overnight. After cooling toroom temperature, the mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate andbrine. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, andconcentrated to give the Boc-protected azide: LCMS [M+Na] 261.1. Asolution of the intermediate in dichloromethane (9 mL) was treated withTFA (9 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reactionsolution was concentrated to give the desired product as TFA salt. LCMScalculated for C₉H₁₇N₂O (M+H)⁺: m/z=169.1. Found: 169.1.

Step 8.{(1R,2S,4S)-2-Methoxy-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile(racemic)

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (381 mg, 1.78 mmol),[(1R,2S,4S)-4-amino-2-methoxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile (racemic) (310 mg,1.8 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.2 mL, 7.1 mmol) in isopropylalcohol (4.2 mL) was heated at 90° C. for 2 h. The crude wasconcentrated and purified with flash chromatography to give the desiredproduct (469 mg, 76%). LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₁₉N₄O₃S (M+H)⁺:m/z=347.1. Found: 347.0.

Step 9.{(1R,2S,4S)-4-[(6-Aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-2-methoxycyclohexyl}acetonitrile(racemic)

A mixture of{(1R,2S,4S)-2-methoxy-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile(racemic) (401 mg, 1.16 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (0.20 g) inmethanol (7.7 mL) was subjected to balloon pressure of H₂ at roomtemperature for 2 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate wasconcentrated and purified with flash chromatography (eluting with 15%methanol in dichloromethane) to give the desired product (342 mg, 93%).LCMS calculated for C₁₆H₂₁N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=317.1. Found: 317.1.

Step 10.((1R,2S,4S)-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}-2-methoxycyclohexyl)acetonitrileand((1S,2R,4R)-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}-2-methoxycyclohexyl)acetonitrile

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (40.6 mg, 0.456 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (82 mg, 0.43 mmol) in THF (2.3 mL) wasstirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solvent was removed and theresidue dissolved in ethanol (0.45 mL) and added to a suspension of{(1R,2S,4S)-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-2-methoxycyclohexyl}acetonitrile(racemic) (44 mg, 0.14 mmol) in ethanol (0.45 mL). The resulting mixturewas stirred at 80° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was diluted withmethanol and purified with prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with agradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, atflow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desired product as white solid (26mg, 50%). LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₃N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=371.2. Found:371.0.

Step 11.((1R,2S,4S)-2-Hydroxy-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitriletrifluoacetate and((1S,2R,4R)-2-hydroxy-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitriletrifluoacetate

To a solution of((1R,2S,4S)-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}-2-methoxycyclohexyl)acetonitrile(diastereoisomer mixture) (23.0 mg, 0.0621 mmol) in acetonitrile (0.9mL) was added iodotrimethylsilane (0.45 mL, 3.2 mmol). After stirring at80° C. for 6 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with methanol and waterand purified with prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradientof acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% TFA, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) togive two peaks (isomer 1, 2.1 mg, 9.5%; isomer 2, 2.5 mg, 11%). Isomer 1(first to elute): LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₁N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=357.1.Found: 357.0. Isomer 2 (second to elute): LCMS calculated forC₁₈H₂₁N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=357.1. Found: 357.0.

Example 38[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]acetonitrile

Step 1.{(2R,5S)-5-[(6-Aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methanol

A mixture of{(5S)-5-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methylacetate (366 mg, 1.05 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (0.18 g) inmethanol (7.0 mL) was subjected to balloon pressure of H₂ at roomtemperature for 2 h. The mixture was filtered and treated with 1 M NaOH(1 mL) for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with methanol and purified withprep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of60 mL/min) to give two peaks in 5:1 ratio. The major peak is the titlecompound (154 mg, 58%). LCMS calculated for C₁₃H₁₈N₃O₂S (M+H)⁺:m/z=280.1. Found: 280.1.

Step 2.[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methanol

To a solution of{(2R,5S)-5-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methanol(131 mg, 0.469 mmol) in acetic acid (1.3 mL) was added triethylorthoacetate (275 μL, 1.50 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 120° C. for30 min. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted withmethanol and purified with prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with agradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, atflow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desired product as white solid (60mg, 42%). LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₁₈N₃O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=304.1. Found:304.1.

Step 3:[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate

To a solution of[(2R,5S)-5-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methanol(60.1 mg, 0.198 mmol) in methylene chloride (2.3 mL) and pyridine (51μL, 0.62 mmol) was added p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (38.7 mg, 0.203mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (1.2 mg, 0.010 mmol) at 0° C. Thereaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature overnight. Thereaction mixture was concentrated, diluted with methanol, and purifiedwith prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of60 mL/min) to give the desired product (50 mg, 55%). LCMS calculated forC₂₂H₂₄N₃O₄S₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=458.1. Found: 458.1.

Step 4.[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]acetonitrile

To a mixture of[(2R,5S)-5-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate (50.2 mg, 0.110 mmol) and sodium cyanide (9.1mg, 0.19 mmol) in DMF (1.1 mL) was added 1.0 M sulfuric acid in DMF (9μL, 0.009 mmol). The reaction solution was stirred at 50° C. overnight.After cooling, the mixture was diluted with methanol and purified withprep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of30 mL/min) to give the desired product (15.2 mg, 44%). LCMS calculatedfor C₁₆H₁₇N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=313.1. Found: 313.0.

Example 39[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]acetonitrile

Step 1.[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methanol

To a solution of{(2R,5S)-5-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methanol(115 mg, 0.412 mmol) in acetic acid (1.1 mL) was added propane,1,1,1-triethoxy- (265 μL, 1.32 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirredat 120° C. for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, the mixturewas diluted with methanol and purified with prep-LCMS (XBridge C18column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1%ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desiredproduct as white solid (74.8 mg, 57%). LCMS calculated for C₁₆H₂₀N₃O₂S(M+H)⁺: m/z=318.1. Found: 318.1.

Step 2:[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 38, Step 3, using[(2R,5S)-5-(2-ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methanolinstead of[(2R,5S)-5-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methanolas starting material. LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₂₆N₃O₄S₂ (M+H)⁺:m/z=472.1. Found: 472.0.

Step 3.[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]acetonitrile

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 38, Step 4, using[(2R,5S)-5-(2-ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate instead of[(2R,5S)-5-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate as starting material. LCMS calculated forC₁₇H₁₉N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=327.1. Found: 327.0. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ8.88 (1H, s), 7.95 (1H, d, J=5.5 Hz), 7.61 (1H, d, J=5.5 Hz), 4.64 (1H,m), 4.21 (1H, m), 4.09 (1H, m), 3.93 (1H, m), 3.04 (2H, m), 2.83 (2H,m), 2.53 (1H, m), 2.13 (1H, m), 1.97 (1H, m), 1.67 (1H, m), 1.31 (3H, t,J=7.4 Hz) ppm.

Example 40[(1R,2S,4S)-4-(2-Ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]acetonitrileand[(1S,2R,4R)-4-(2-ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile

Step 1.[(1R,2S,4S)-4-(2-Ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-methoxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile(racemic)

This compound was prepared according to the procedure of Example 34,steps 12, using{(1R,2S,4S)-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-2-methoxycyclohexyl}acetonitrile(racemic) and propane, 1,1,1-triethoxy- as the starting material. LCMScalculated for C₁₉H₂₃N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=355.2. Found: 355.1.

Step 2.[(1R,2S,4S)-4-(2-Ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]acetonitrileand[(1S,2R,4R)-4-(2-ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile

In a microwave vial, iodotrimethylsilane (0.20 mL, 1.4 mmol) was addedto a solution of[(1R,2S,4S)-4-(2-ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-methoxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile(racemic) (10 mg, 0.03 mmol) in acetonitrile (0.3 mL). The vial wascapped, and the mixture heated at 80° C. overnight. The reaction wasquenched with a few drops of water. The mixture was then further dilutedand purified using prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with agradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, atflow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product as racemic mixture.The racemic mixture was separated by chiral column (Chiralcel AD-H, 5uM, 20×250 mm, 80% EtOH/hexanes, flow rate: 18 mL/min) to give twopeaks. Isomer 1 (first to elute): LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₁N₄OS (M+H)⁺:m/z=341.1. Found: 341.1. Isomer 2 (second to elute): LCMS calculated forC₁₈H₂₁N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=341.1. Found: 341.1.

Example 41[(1R,2S,4S)-4-(2-Methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]acetonitrileand[(1S,2R,4R)-4-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile

Step 1.[(1R,2S,4S)-4-(2-Methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-methoxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile(racemic)

This compound was prepared according to the procedure of Example 34,steps 12, using{(1R,2S,4S)-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-2-methoxycyclohexyl}acetonitrile(racemic) and triethyl orthoacetate as the starting material. LCMScalculated for C₁₈H₂₁N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=341.1. Found: 341.1.

Step 2.[(1R,2S,4S)-4-(2-Methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]acetonitrileand[(1S,2R,4R)-4-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 40, Step 2, using[(1R,2S,4S)-4-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-methoxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile(racemic) instead of[(1R,2S,4S)-4-(2-ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-methoxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile(racemic) as starting material. The racemic mixture was separated bychiral column (Chiralcel AD-H, 5 uM, 20×250 mm, 80% EtOH/hexanes, flowrate: 18 mL/min) to give two peaks. Isomer 1 (first to elute): LCMScalculated for C₁₇H₁₉N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=327.1. Found: 327.0. Isomer 2(second to elute): LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₁₉N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=327.1.Found: 327.0.

Example 42[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Isopropyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]acetonitrile

Step 1:[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Isopropyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methanol

A mixture of 2-methylpropanamide (71.4 mg, 0.820 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (154 mg, 0.812 mmol) in THF (2 mL) wasstirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solvent was removed and theresidue dissolved in ethanol (0.5 mL) and added to a suspension of{(2R,5S)-5-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methanol(69.2 mg, 0.248 mmol) in ethanol (1.7 mL). The mixture was stirred at80° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature,diluted with methanol, and purified with prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column,eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desired product. LCMScalculated for C₁₇H₂₂N₃O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=332.1. Found: 332.1.

Step 2[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Isopropyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 38, Step 3, using[(2R,5S)-5-(2-isopropyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methanolinstead of[(2R,5S)-5-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methanolas starting material. LCMS calculated for C₂₄H₂₈N₃O₄S₂ (M+H)⁺:m/z=486.1. Found: 486.0.

Step 3.[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Isopropyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]acetonitrile

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 38, Step 4, using[(2R,5S)-5-(2-isopropyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate instead of[(2R,5S)-5-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate as starting material. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ9.06 (1H, s), 7.64 (1H, d, J=5.5 Hz), 7.54 (1H, d, J=5.5 Hz), 4.59 (2H,m), 4.04 (2H, m), 3.28 (1H, m), 2.85 (1H, m), 2.64 (2H, m), 2.13 (2H,m), 1.81 (1H, m), 1.44 (6H, m) ppm. LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₁N₄OS(M+H)⁺: m/z=341.1. Found: 341.0.

Example 43[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Cyclopropyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]acetonitrile

Step 1:[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Cyclopropyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methanol

A mixture of cyclopropanecarboxamide (72.6 mg, 0.853 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (0.161 g, 0.845 mmol) in THF (2 mL)was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solvent was removed and theresidue dissolved in ethanol (0.48 mL) and added to a suspension of{(2R,5S)-5-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methanol(72.0 mg, 0.258 mmol) in ethanol (1.8 mL). The mixture was stirred at80° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature,diluted with methanol, and purified with prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column,eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desired product. LCMScalculated for C₁₇H₂₀N₃O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=330.1. Found: 330.0.

Step 2[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Cyclopropyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 38, Step 3, using[(2R,5S)-5-(2-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methanolinstead of[(2R,5S)-5-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methanolas starting material. LCMS calculated for C₂₄H₂₆N₃O₄S₂ (M+H)⁺:m/z=484.1. Found: 484.0.

Step 3.[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Cyclopropyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]acetonitrile

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 38, Step 4, using[(2R,5S)-5-(2-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate instead of[(2R,5S)-5-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate as starting material. LCMS calculated forC₁₈H₁₉N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=339.1. Found: 339.0.

Example 44((2S,5R)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile

Step 1: tert-Butyl [(1R)-1-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]carbamate

To a solution of (2R)-2-aminobut-3-en-1-ol hydrochloride (0.94 g, 7.6mmol) (from Astatech Inc.) in ethanol (30 mL) was added triethylamine(1.27 mL, 9.13 mmol) and di-tert-butyldicarbonate (1.99 g, 9.13 mmol).The reaction solution was stirred at room temperature overnight, thenconcentrated and purified with flash chromatography (eluting with agradient of 0-50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give the desired productas colorless oil.

Step 2: tert-Butyl[(1R)-1-({[1-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]oxy}methyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]carbamate

A flask charged with tert-butyl[(1R)-1-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]carbamate (1.88 g, 10.0 mmol),tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (134 mg, 0.146 mmol),N,N′-(1R,2R)-cyclohexane-1,2-diylbis[2-(diphenylphosphino)-1-naphthamide](350 mg, 0.44 mmol), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (370 mg, 3.0 mmol) waspurged with N₂ three times, and then filled with methylene chloride (100mL), followed by addition of 1.0 M triethylborane in THF (0.294 mL,0.294 mmol). After stirring for 10 min. 2-vinyloxirane (0.704 g, 10.0mmol) was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred overnight. Thereaction was diluted with dichloromethane and sat. NaHCO₃ solution. Theorganic layer was separated and dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered andconcentrated. The crude residue was purified with flash chromatography(eluting with 0-50% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give the desired product(0.271 g, 49%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.85 (1H, m), 5.67 (1H, m),5.84˜5.17 (4H, m), 4.83 (1H, m), 4.30 (1H, br s), 3.83 (1H, m), 3.69(1H, dd, J=4.5 and 6.9 Hz), 3.54 (2H, m), 3.36 (1H, dd, J=4.5 and 6.9Hz), 1.45 (9H, s) ppm.

Step 3:2-({(2R)-2-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]but-3-en-1-yl}oxy)but-3-en-1-ylacetate

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 19, Step 4, using tert-butyl[(1R)-1-({[1-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]oxy}methyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]carbamateinstead of tert-butyl[(1S)-1-({[1-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]oxy}methyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]carbamateas starting material.

Step 4.{(5S)-5-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methylacetate

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 19, Step 5, using2-({(2R)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]but-3-en-1-yl}oxy)but-3-en-1-ylacetate instead of2-({(2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]but-3-en-1-yl}oxy)but-3-en-1-ylacetate as starting material.

Step 5. [(5R)-5-Amino-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methyl acetate

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 19, Step 6, using{(5R)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methylacetate instead of{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methylacetate as starting material. LCMS calculated for C₈H₁₄NO₃ (M+H)⁺:m/z=172.1. Found: 172.1.

Step 6.{(5R)-5-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methylacetate

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 19, Step 7, using [(5R)-5-amino-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methylacetate instead of [(5S)-5-amino-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methylacetate as starting material. LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₁₆N₃O₅S (M+H)⁺:m/z=350.1. Found: 350.0.

Step 7.{(5R)-5-[(6-Aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methylacetate

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 19, Step 8, using{(5R)-5-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methylacetate instead of{(5S)-5-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methylacetate as starting material. LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₂₀N₃O₃S (M+H)⁺:m/z=322.1. Found: 322.0.

Step 8.(1R)-1-{1-[(3R)-6-(Hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 19, Step 9, using{(5R)-5-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methylacetate instead of{(5S)-5-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methylacetate as starting material. LCMS calculated for C₁₆H₂₀N₃O₃S (M+H)⁺:m/z=334.1. Found: 334.0.

Step 9:((2S,5R)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate and((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 20, Step 1, using(1R)-1-{1-[(3R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolinstead of(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolas starting material. LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₂₆N₃O₅S₂ (M+H)⁺:m/z=488.1. Found: 488.1.

Step 10:((2S,5R)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 20, Step 2, using((2S,5R)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate instead of((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate as starting material. LCMS calculated forC₁₇H₁₉N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=343.1. Found: 343.0.

Example 45((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1S)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile

Step 1:(1S)-1-{1-[(3S,6R)-6-(Hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

A mixture of (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamide (86.6 mg, 0.972 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (185 mg, 0.972 mmol) in THF (2 mL) wasstirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solvent was removed and theresidue dissolved in ethanol (0.50 mL) and added to a suspension of{(2R,5S)-5-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methanol(65.0 mg, 0.233 mmol) in ethanol (1.8 mL). The mixture was stirred at80° C. for 1 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted withmethanol, and purified with prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting witha gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, atflow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desired product as white solid (45mg, 58%). LCMS calculated for C₁₆H₂₀N₃O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=334.1. Found: 334.

Step 2:((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1S)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate

To a solution of(1S)-1-{1-[(3S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol(48.0 mg, 0.144 mmol) in methylene chloride (2.09 mL) and pyridine (70.4μL, 0.871 mmol) was added p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (35.0 mg, 0.184mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (1.1 mg, 0.0092 mmol). The reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixturewas concentrated, diluted with methanol, and purified with prep-LCMS(XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/watercontaining 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to givethe desired product as white solid (42 mg, 60%). LCMS calculated forC₂₃H₂₆N₃O₅S₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=488.1. Found: 488.1.

Step 3.((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1S)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 20, Step 2, using((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate instead of((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate as starting material. LCMS calculated forC₁₇H₁₉N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=343.1. Found: 343.0.

Example 46[4-(8-Methylpyrazolo[1,5-c]thieno[2,3-e]pyrimidin-9-yl)phenyl]acetonitrile

Step 1:3-Bromo-5-methyl-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-pyrazole

To a solution of 3-bromo-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole (from Ark Pharm, 6.4 g, 40mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (263 mL) at 0° C. was added sodium hydride (3.2g, 80 mmol). After stirring for 30 min, [β-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methylchloride (8.4 mL, 48 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture wasallowed to warm to room temperature over 2 h. The reaction mixture wasdiluted with ethyl acetate and water. The aqueous layer was extractedwith ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine,dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude was purifiedwith flash chromatography (eluting with a gradient of 0-15% ethylacetate in hexanes) to give the desired product as colorless oil (12 g,100%). LCMS calculated for C₁₀H₂₀BrN₂OSi (M+H)⁺: m/z=291.1. Found:291.0.

Step 2: tert-Butyl (2-bromo-3-thienyl)carbamate

To a solution of tert-butyl 3-thienylcarbamate (from Ark Pharm, 3.97 g,19.9 mmol) in methylene chloride (190 mL) was added N-bromosuccinimide(3.54 g, 19.9 mmol) portionwise. The resulting mixture was heated at 40°C. for 20 min. The reaction solution was concentrated and theprecipitate was filtered and the filtrate was purified with flashchromatography (eluting with a gradient of 0-10% ethyl acetate inhexanes) to give the desired product as white solid. LCMS calculated forC₅H₅BrNO₂S (M+H−t−Bu)⁺: m/z=221.9. Found: 221.8.

Step 3: tert-Butyl [2-(trimethylstannyl)-3-thienyl]carbamate

To a solution of tert-butyl (2-bromo-3-thienyl)carbamate (4.81 g, 17.3mmol) in THF (42 mL) was added 2.5 M n-butyllithium in hexanes (15.2 mL,38.0 mmol) dropwise at −78° C. After stirring for 45 min, 1.0 Mchlorotrimethylstannane in THF (19.0 mL, 19.0 mmol) was added. Theresulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. The reactionwas quenched with brine (70 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×).The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄,filtered and concentrated to give the desired product. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.49 (1H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 7.13 (1H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 6.39 (1H, brs),1.50 (9H, s), 0.36 (9H, s) ppm.

Step 4: tert-Butyl[2-(5-methyl-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-3-thienyl]carbamate

A microwave vial charge with3-bromo-5-methyl-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-pyrazole (2.99g, 10.3 mmol), tert-butyl [2-(trimethylstannyl)-3-thienyl]carbamate(4.40 g, 11.3 mmol), cesium fluoride (3.4 g, 23 mmol) and pre-milledpalladium acetate anddicyclohexyl(2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl-2-yl)phosphine (190 mg, 0.20mmol) was purged with nitrogen three times. 1,2-Dimethoxyethane (10 mL)was added and resulting suspension was heated at 80° C. overnight. Aftercooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetateand filtered through a pad of silica gel. The silica gel pad was washedwith ethyl acetate. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue waspurified with flash chromatography (eluting with a gradient of 0-20%ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give the desired product. LCMS calculatedfor C₁₉H₃₂N₃O₃SSi (M+H)⁺: m/z=410.2. Found: 410.2.

Step 5: 8-Methylpyrazolo[1,5-c]thieno[2,3-e]pyrimidine

To a solution of tert-butyl[2-(5-methyl-1-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-3-thienyl]carbamate(3.2 g, 7.8 mmol) in methylene chloride (23 mL) was addedtrifluoroacetic acid (23 mL). After stirring at room temperature for 5h, the solvent was removed. The residue was dissolved in THF (40 mL) andtreated with 1,1-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine (1.56 mL, 11.7 mmol).The resulting solution was heated at 80° C. for 1 h. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure. The crude was purified with flashchromatography (eluting with a gradient of 0-20% ethyl acetate inhexanes) to give the desired product as white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD) δ 9.09 (1H, s), 7.81 (1H, d, J=5.3 Hz), 7.45 (1H, d, J=5.3 Hz),6.60 (1H, s), 2.49 (3H, s) ppm. LCMS calculated for C₉H₈N₃S (M+H)⁺:m/z=190.0. Found: 190.0.

Step 6: 9-Bromo-8-methylpyrazolo[1,5-c]thieno[2,3-e]pyrimidine

To a solution of 8-methylpyrazolo[1,5-c]thieno[2,3-e]pyrimidine (1.01 g,5.34 mmol) in methylene chloride (30 mL) was added N-bromosuccinimide(0.959 g, 5.39 mmol). After stirring for 1 h, the reaction solution wasconcentrated, and the resultant residue was purified with flashchromatography (eluting with a gradient of 0-20% ethyl acetate inhexanes) to give the desired product as whited solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD) δ 9.11 (1H, s), 7.94 (1H, d, J=5.3 Hz), 7.52 (1H, d, J=5.3 Hz),2.48 (3H, s) ppm. LCMS calculated for C₉H₇BrN₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=268.0.Found: 267.9.

Step 7:[4-(8-Methylpyrazolo[1,5-c]thieno[2,3-e]pyrimidin-9-yl)phenyl]acetonitrile

A microwave vial charged with9-bromo-8-methylpyrazolo[1,5-c]thieno[2,3-e]pyrimidine (48.0 mg, 0.179mmol), [4-(cyanomethyl)phenyl]boronic acid (from Aldrich, 51.9 mg, 0.322mmol), sodium carbonate (47.4 mg, 0.448 mmol),[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II), complexwith dichloromethane (1:1) (15 mg, 0.018 mmol), DMF (1.3 mL) and water(0.13 mL) was purged with N₂ and then stirred at 95° C. for 10 h. Thereaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer waswashed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. Thecrude was purified with prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with agradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, atflow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (35 mg, 64%). LCMScalculated for C₁₇H₁₃N₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=305.1. Found: 305.0.

Example 47[trans-4-(2-Ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile

A mixture of{trans-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile(20.1 mg, 0.0702 mmol) and 1,1,1-triethoxypropane (0.0428 mL, 0.213mmol) in acetic acid (0.2 mL) was stirred at 120° C. for 30 min. Themixture was diluted with methanol and purified with prep-LCMS (XBridgeC18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desiredproduct (13 mg, 57%). LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₁N₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=325.1.Found: 325.1.

Example 48[trans-4-(2-Methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 47, using triethyl orthoacetate instead of propane,1,1,1-triethoxy- as starting material. LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₁₉N₄(M+H)⁺: m/z=311.1. Found: 311.1.

Example 49((1R,3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclopentyl)acetonitriletrifluoroacetate

Step 1. Ethyl (1R,3S)-3-aminocyclopentanecarboxylate trifluoroacetate

To a solution of(1R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (fromAcros, 0.46 g, 2.0 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (4.6 mL) was addedsodium bicarbonate (0.34 g, 4.0 mmol) and iodoethane (0.64 mL, 8.0mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature.The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate then washed with sat. sodiumbicarbonate, water (2×) and brine. The organic was dried (Na2SO4),filtered, and concentrated to give the crude ester. To the crude esterwas added methylene chloride (3.0 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (1.0 mL,13 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h, then concentratedand dried in vacuo to give 0.25 g (46%) of the title compound. LCMScalculated for C₈H₁₆NO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=158.1. Found: 158.1.

Step 2. Ethyl(1R,3S)-3[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclopentanecarboxylate

To a stirred mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (0.18 g,0.84 mmol) and ethyl (1R,3S)-3-aminocyclopentanecarboxylatetrifluoroacetate (0.25 g, 0.92 mmol) in isopropyl alcohol (2.3 mL) wasadded N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.73 mL, 4.2 mmol). The resultingmixture was stirred at 90° C. for 100 min, and then the solvent wasevaporated. The crude residue was purified on silica gel, eluted with10-60% EtOAc in hexanes to give 0.15 g (55%) of the desired product.LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₁₈N₃O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=336.1. Found: 336.0.

Step 3.{(1R,3S)-3-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclopentyl}methanol

Lithium tetrahydroaluminate (20.4 mg, 0.537 mmol) was added to asolution of ethyl(1R,3S)-3-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclopentanecarboxylate(0.15 g, 0.45 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (4.0 mL) with stirring at about0° C. The resulting mixture was kept cold and stirred for 40 min. Fieserworkup was performed followed by filtration through Celite andconcentrated. The crude was purified using silica gel, eluted with40-100% EtOAc in hexanes to give 70 mg (50%) of the desired product.LCMS calculated for C₁₃H₁₆N₃O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=294.1. Found: 294.0

Step 4.{(1R,3S)-3-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclopentyl}acetonitrile

Methanesulfonyl chloride (24.0 μL, 0.310 mmol) was added to a solutionof{(1R,3S)-3-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclopentyl}methanol(70 mg, 0.2 mmol) and triethylamine (66.5 μL, 0.477 mmol) in methylenechloride (2.1 mL) at about 0° C. with stirring. The resulting mixturewas allowed to warm to room temperature and stir overnight. The mixturewas diluted with dichloromethane then washed with water and brine. Theorganic was dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated to give a brightyellow gum. To the crude mesylate was added dimethyl sulfoxide (2.0 mL)and sodium cyanide (22 mg, 0.45 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirredat room temperature. After 2 h, the temperature was increased to 80° C.and stirred for 3 h. After cooling, EtOAc and brine were added. Thelayers were separated and the organic washed with water (2×), dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The crude was purified on silicagel, eluted with 10-70% EtOAc in hexanes to give 8 mg (10%) of thedesired product. LCMS calculated for C₁₄H₁₅N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=303.1.Found: 303.0.

Step 5.{(1R,3S)-3-[(6-Aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclopentyl}acetonitrile

A mixture of{(1R,3S)-3-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclopentyl}acetonitrile(8 mg, 0.03 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (4 mg) in methanol (0.3mL) was stirred under an atmosphere of H₂ (balloon) overnight. Themixture was filtered and concentrated to give 7 mg of the desiredproduct. LCMS calculated for C₁₄H₁₇N₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=273.1. Found: 273.0.

Step 6.((1R,3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclopentyl)acetonitriletrifluoroacetate

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (7.4 mg, 0.083 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (14.7 mg, 0.0776 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (0.15 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 50 min,then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in ethanol (0.1 mL), andthis solution was then added to a solution of{(1R,3S)-3-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclopentyl}acetonitrile(7.0 mg, 0.026 mmol) in ethanol (0.1 mL) in a vial. The resultingmixture was stirred at 80° C. for 1 h. After cooling, the mixture waspurified using RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.05% TFA, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) togive 3.6 mg (32%) the desired product as the TFA salt. LCMS calculatedfor C₁₇H₁₉N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=327.1. Found: 327.0.

Example 50 Ethyl(3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidine-1-carboxylate

Step 1. tert-Butyl(3S)-3-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]piperidine-1-carboxylate

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (166 mg, 0.774 mmol),tert-butyl (3S)-3-aminopiperidine-1-carboxylate (from Aldrich, 186 mg,0.929 mmol) and triethylamine (0.32 mL, 2.3 mmol) in isopropyl alcohol(1.8 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 2 h. After cooling to roomtemperature, solids were observed. Water was added which caused moresolids to form. The yellow solids were filtered, washed with water, anddried to give 0.26 g of the desired product. LCMS calculated forC₁₇H₂₃N₄O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=379.1. Found: 379.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ9.40 (s, 1H), 9.29 (s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=5.5 Hz,1H), 4.42 (m, 1H), 3.83 (m, 1H), 3.46 (m, 3H), 2.12 (m, 1H), 1.83 (m,3H), 1.41 (s, 9H) ppm.

Step 2. tert-Butyl(3S)-3-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]piperidine-1-carboxylate

A mixture of tert-butyl(3S)-3-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]piperidine-1-carboxylate(0.26 g, 0.69 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (80 mg) in methanol (5.0mL) was stirred under an atmosphere of H₂ (balloon) overnight. Themixture was filtered through a pad of Celite and concentrated to give0.24 g of the desired product. LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₂₅N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺:m/z=349.2. Found: 349.0.

Step 3. tert-Butyl(3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidine-1-carboxylate

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (197 mg, 2.21 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (395 mg, 2.08 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran(4.0 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 75 min then concentrated.The residue was dissolved in ethanol (1.5 mL) and this solution was thenadded to a solution of tert-butyl(3S)-3-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]piperidine-1-carboxylate(0.24 g, 0.69 mmol) in ethanol (3.5 mL) in a vial. The resulting mixturewas stirred at 80° C. for 2 h. The solvent was evaporated and the crudepurified on silica gel, eluted with 0-10% MeOH in dichloromethane togive 250 mg (86%) of the desired product. LCMS calculated forC₂₀H₂₇N₄O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=403.2. Found: 403.1.

Step 4.(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-Piperidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolhydrochloride

To a solution of tert-butyl(3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidine-1-carboxylate(0.25 g, 0.62 mmol) in methylene chloride (3.5 mL) was added 4.0 Mhydrogen chloride in 1,4-dioxane (1.2 mL, 5.0 mmol). A precipitateimmediately formed. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2h. The solvents were evaporated and the solids dried in vacuo to give0.21 g of the product as the HCl salt. LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₁₉N₄OS(M+H)⁺: m/z=303.1. Found: 303.0.

Step 5. Ethyl(3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidine-1-carboxylate

To a mixture of(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-piperidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolhydrochloride (15 mg, 0.044 mmol) and triethylamine (18.5 μL, 0.133mmol) in methylene chloride (0.3 mL) was added ethyl chloroformate (5.1μL, 0.0531 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred until completionthen the solvent evaporated. The crude residue was purified usingRP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of30 mL/min) to give 5.6 mg (34%) of the desired product. LCMS calculatedfor C₁₈H₂₃N₄O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=375.1. Found: 375.0. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃)δ 9.08 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (dd, J=5.5 and 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d,J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 4.83-4.68 (m, 1H), 4.43-4.23 (m,2H), 4.15 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.93-3.66 (m, 1H), 3.18-3.01 (m, 1H),2.76-2.60 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.10 (m, 1H), 2.00 (d, J=13.8 Hz, 1H), 1.79 (d,J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 1.70-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.16 (m, 3H) ppm.

Example 513-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropanenitriletrifluoroacetate

To a mixture of(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-piperidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolhydrochloride (15 mg, 0.044 mmol) (Example 50, step 4), cyanoacetic acid(4.5 mg, 0.053 mmol), and triethylamine (18.5 μL, 0.133 mmol) inmethylene chloride (0.3 mL) was addedN,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)uroniumhexafluorophosphate (25.2 mg, 0.0664 mmol). The resulting mixture wasstirred at room temperature. After 2 h, a second addition of cyanoaceticacid (4.5 mg, 0.053 mmol) was made and stirred overnight. The solventwas evaporated and the residue purified using RP-HPLC (XBridge C18column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.05%TFA, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give 3.4 mg (16%) of the desiredproduct. LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₀N₅O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=370.1. Found:370.0.

Example 52(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-1-(4,4,4-Trifluorobutanoyl)piperidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those forExample 51 with 4,4,4-trifluorobutanoic acid instead of cyanoacetic acidand without the second addition. The crude was purified using RP-HPLC(XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/watercontaining 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give9.5 mg (50%) of the desired product. LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₂F₃N₄O₂S(M+H)⁺: m/z=427.1. Found: 427.0.

Example 53(1R)-1-(1-{(3S)-1-[3-(1H-Pyrazol-4-yl)propanoyl]piperidin-3-yl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)ethanol

This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those forExample 52, with 3-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)propanoic acid (7.9 mg, 0.0567 mmol)instead of 4,4,4-trifluorobutanoic acid. The crude was purified usingRP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of30 mL/min) to give 6.5 mg (32%) of the desired product. LCMS calculatedfor C₂₁H₂₅N₆O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=425.2. Found: 425.1. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃)δ 9.04 (s, 1H), 7.64 (dd, J=11.8 and 6.2 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=5.6 Hz,1H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 5.26 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.82 (d, J=8.5Hz, 2H), 4.07-3.86 (m, 2H), 3.58-3.45 (m, 1H), 3.36-3.24 (m, 1H),2.96-2.56 (m, 6H), 2.22-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.78 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 4H) ppm.

Example 54(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-1-(3-Pyridin-3-ylpropanoyl)piperidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those forExample 52, with 3-pyridin-3-ylpropanoic acid (8.5 mg, 0.057 mmol)instead of 4,4,4-trifluorobutanoic acid. The crude was purified usingRP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of30 mL/min) to give 6.8 mg (33%) of the desired product. LCMS calculatedfor C₂₃H₂₆N₅O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=436.2. Found: 436.0. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃)δ 9.09 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.45 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H),7.70-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.25 (m, 1H), 5.28 (s, 1H), 4.92-4.61 (m, 2H),4.06-3.81 (m, OH), 3.56 (s, 1H), 3.20-3.09 (m, 1H), 3.00-2.88 (m, 2H),2.78-2.60 (m, 5H), 2.20-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.86 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H), 1.80-1.65(m, 2H) ppm.

Example 55(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-1-(3-Phenylbutanoyl)piperidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those forExample 52, with 3-phenylbutyric acid (9.3 mg, 0.057 mmol) instead of4,4,4-trifluorobutanoic acid. The crude was purified using RP-HPLC(XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/watercontaining 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give8.3 mg (39%) of the desired product. LCMS calculated for C₂₅H₂₉N₄O₂S(M+H)⁺: m/z=449.2. Found: 449.0.

Example 563-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidin-1-yl)propanenitrile

To a solution of(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-piperidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolhydrochloride (15.0 mg, 0.0443 mmol) (Example 50, step 4) inacetonitrile (0.3 mL) was added 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (26μL, 0.18 mmol), followed by 2-propenenitrile (5.8 μL, 0.089 mmol). Theresulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Thesolvents were evaporated and the residue was purified by RP-HPLC(XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/watercontaining 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give5.3 mg (34%) of the desired product. LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₂N₅OS(M+H)⁺: m/z=356.2. Found: 356.1.

Example 571R)-1-{1-[(3S)-1-(3-Phenylpropanoyl)piperidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

To a mixture of(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-piperidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolhydrochloride (15 mg, 0.044 mmol) (Example 50, step 4) and triethylamine(24.7 μL, 0.177 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (0.3 mL) was addedbenzenepropanoyl chloride (8.6 μL, 0.058 mmol). The resulting mixturewas stirred for 90 min at room temperature. The mixture was purifiedusing RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of30 mL/min) to give 6.5 mg (34%) of the desired product. LCMS calculatedfor C₂₄H₂₇N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=435.2. Found: 435.1. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃)δ 9.07 (s, 1H), 7.71-7.66 (m, 1H), 7.65-7.57 (m, 1H), 7.34-7.27 (m, 2H),7.26-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.12 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (s, 1H), 4.83 (d, J=13.1Hz, 2H), 4.78-4.64 (m, 1H), 4.04-3.87 (m, 1H), 3.61-3.23 (m, 3H),3.04-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.77-2.60 (m, 2H), 2.15 (s, 1H), 1.97 (d, J=14.4 Hz,1H), 1.81 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.50 (d, J=13.1 Hz, 2H) ppm.

Example 584-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-4-oxobutanenitrile

Step 1.4-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-4-oxobutanoicacid

To a solution of(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-piperidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolhydrochloride (30.0 mg, 0.0885 mmol) (Example 50, step 4) andtriethylamine (37.0 μL, 0.266 mmol) in methylene chloride (0. 5 mL) wasadded 3-(carbomethoxy)propionyl chloride (12.0 μL, 0.0974 mmol). Theresulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Water anddichloromethane were added and the layers separated. The organic wasconcentrated. The crude residue was taken up in methanol (0.5 mL),tetrahydrofuran (50 μL), and water (40 μL). Lithium hydroxide,monohydrate (18 mg, 0.44 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred at roomtemperature for 3 h. The mixture was made slightly acidic by adding 1NHCl then concentrated. The mixture was dissolved in dichloromethane,stirred, filtered and concentrated to give 37 mg of clean, crude acid.LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₃N₄O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=403.1. Found: 403.2.

Step 2.4-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-4-oxobutanamide

To a mixture of4-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-4-oxobutanoicacid (35 mg, 0.087 mmol), ammonium carbonate (42 mg, 0.43 mmol), andtriethylamine (18.2 μL, 0.130 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (0.6 mL)was added benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphoniumhexafluorophosphate (76.9 mg, 0.174 mmol). The resulting mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 2.5 h. The mixture was diluted withethyl acetate then washed with sat. NaHCO₃, water, and brine. LCMSshowed most of the desired product remained in the aqueous layer. Theaqueous layer was concentrated to give white solids. The solids werestirred in ˜1:1 MeOH/dichloromethane and then filtered to give 40 mgcrude product. The crude was purified using RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column,eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give 6 mg of the desiredproduct. LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₄N₅O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=402.2. Found:402.0.

Step 3.4-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-4-oxobutanenitrile

To a mixture of4-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-4-oxobutanamide(5.5 mg, 0.014 mmol) and triethylamine (9.6 μL, 0.069 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (0.2 mL) stirring at about 0° C. was addedtrifluoroacetic anhydride (4.8 μL, 0.034 mmol). The resulting mixturewas kept cold and stirred for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated thenpurified using RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of30 mL/min) to give 3 mg (57%) of the desired product. LCMS calculatedfor C₁₉H₂₂N₅O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=384.1. Found: 384.2.

Example 595-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-5-oxopentanenitrile

This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those forExample 58, with 3-carbomethoxybutrylchloride instead of3-(carbomethoxy)propionyl chloride. Isolated 1.7 mg (31%) of the desiredcompound. LCMS calculated for C₂₀H₂₄N₅O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=398.2. Found:398.2.

Example 60(1R)-1-{1-[1-(4,4,4-Trifluorobutyl)piperidin-4-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

Step 1.(1R)-1-(1-Piperidin-4-yl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)ethanol

This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those forExample 50, step 4, with tert-butyl 4-aminopiperidine-1-carboxylate(from Aldrich) instead of tert-butyl(3S)-3-aminopiperidine-1-carboxylate. LCMS calculated for C₁₅H₁₉N₄OS(M+H)⁺: m/z=303.1. Found: 303.1.

Step 2.(1R)-1-{1-[1-(4,4,4-Trifluorobutyl)piperidin-4-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

To a mixture of(1R)-1-(1-piperidin-4-yl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)ethanol(15.0 mg, 0.0496 mmol) and 4,4,4-trifluorobutanal (9.4 mg, 0.0744 mmol)in methylene chloride (0.3 mL) and N,N-dimethylformamide (0.2 mL) wasadded resin of tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (48.4 mg,0.0992 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred overnight. The mixturewas filtered and concentrated then purified using RP-HPLC (XBridge C18column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1%ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give 7 mg (34%) of thedesired product. LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₄F₃N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=413.2.Found: 413.1. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.06 (s, 1H), 7.71-7.60 (m, 2H),5.21 (s, 1H), 4.72-4.58 (m, 1H), 3.70-3.57 (m, 6H), 3.13 (d, J=9.8 Hz,2H), 2.89-2.66 (m, 1H), 2.49 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.34-2.18 (m, 2H), 1.96(s, 1H), 1.86-1.74 (m, 2H), 1.67 (s, 2H) ppm.

Example 61(4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidin-1-yl)acetonitriletrifluoroacetate

A mixture of(1R)-1-(1-piperidin-4-yl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)ethanol(15 mg, 0.050 mmol) (Example 60, stepl), bromoacetonitrile (4.2 μL,0.060 mmol) and triethylamine (20.7 μL, 0.149 mmol) in acetonitrile (0.3mL) was stirred at rt for 4 h. The mixture was diluted and purifiedusing RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.05% TFA, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) togive 4.2 mg (18%) of the desired product. LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₂₀N₅OS(M+H)⁺: m/z=342.1. Found: 342.0.

Example 623-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}pyrrolidin-1-yl)propanenitrile

Step 1.(1R)-1-{1[(3S)-Pyrrolidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolhydrochloride

This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those forExample 50, step 4, with tert-butyl(3S)-3-aminopyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (from Aldrich) instead oftert-butyl (3S)-3-aminopiperidine-1-carboxylate. LCMS calculated forC₁₄H₁₇N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=289.1. Found: 289.0. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ9.39 (s, 1H), 8.48 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 6.10-5.97(m, 1H), 5.35 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.11-3.91 (m, 3H), 3.68 (dt, 1H), 3.42(s, 1H), 2.99-2.77 (m, 2H), 1.84 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.60 (s, 1H), 1.32(dd, J=6.0 and 3.2 Hz, 2H) ppm.

Step 2.3-((0.35)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}pyrrolidin-1-yl)propanenitrile

To a solution of(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-pyrrolidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolhydrochloride (15 mg, 0.046 mmol) in acetonitrile (0.3 mL) was added1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (28 μL, 0.18 mmol) followed by2-propenenitrile (6.1 μL, 0.092 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirredat room temperature for 3 h. The mixture was further diluted andpurified using RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of30 mL/min) to give 5.7 mg (36%) of the desired product. LCMS calculatedfor C₁₇H₂₀N₅OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=342.1. Found: 342.1.

Example 633-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile

This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those forExample 51, with(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-pyrrolidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolhydrochloride (Example 62, step 1) instead of(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-piperidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolhydrochloride. The crude product was purified using RP-HPLC (XBridge C18column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1%ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give 7 mg (43%) of thedesired product. LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₁₈N₅O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=356.1.Found: 356.0.

Example 64(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-1-(4,4,4-Trifluorobutyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those forExample 60, step 2, with(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-pyrrolidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolhydrochloride (Example 62, step 1) instead of(1R)-1-(1-piperidin-4-yl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)ethanol.LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₂F₃N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=399.1. Found: 399.1. ¹H NMR(300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.08 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=5.5Hz, 1H), 5.59 (dd, J=8.2 and 3.6 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 1H),3.49-3.30 (m, 2H), 2.83 (dd, J=10.5 and 8.2 Hz, 1H), 2.74-2.52 (m, 5H),2.26-2.09 (m, 2H), 1.81 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H) ppm.

Example 654-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}pyrrolidin-1-yl)butanenitrile

To a mixture of(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-pyrrolidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolhydrochloride (15 mg, 0.046 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (24 μL,0.14 mmol) in acetonitrile (0.2 mL) was added butanenitrile, 4-bromo-(5.1 μL, 0.051 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 4 h.The mixture was diluted and purified using RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column,eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give 6.3 mg (38%) of thedesired product. LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₂N₅OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=356.2.Found: 356.0.

Example 665-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentanenitrile

This compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those forExample 65, with 5-bromovaleronitrile instead of butanenitrile,4-bromo-. LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₄N₅OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=370.2. Found:370.1. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.98 (s, 1H), 8.02 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H),7.67 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.91 (s, 1H), 5.67-5.57 (m, 1H), 5.29 (s, 1H),3.26-3.10 (m, 2H), 3.04 (t, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 2.80 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H),2.70-2.30 (m, 7H) (overlap with solvent), 1.72-1.56 (m, 6H) ppm.

Example 67((1R,2R,4S)-2-Amino-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile

Step 1. Methyl(1S,6R)-6-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}cyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate

To a solution of (1R,6S)-6-(methoxycarbonyl)cyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylicacid (5.0 g, 27 mmol) (from Alfa Aesar) in toluene (50.0 mL) stirringunder N₂ was added triethylamine (9.1 mL, 65 mmol) followed bydiphenylphosphonic azide (5.85 mL, 27.1 mmol). The resulting mixture wasstirred at 85° C. overnight (18 h). Benzyl alcohol (2.81 mL, 27.1 mmol)was added and the mixture heated to reflux (135° C.) and stirredovernight. After cooling, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc and thenwashed with sat. NaHCO₃ (2×), water and brine. The organic layer wasdried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was dried invacuo to give 7.8 g of yellow oil. LCMS calculated for C₁₆H₂₀NO₄ (M+H)⁺:m/z=290.1. Found: 290.0. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.38-7.27 (m, 5H),5.62 (q, J=10.1 Hz, 2H), 5.39 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.28-4.19(m, 1H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 2.81 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.56-2.12 (m, 4H) ppm.

Step 2. Methyl(1R,3S,4R,6S)-4-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-3-carboxylate

m-Chloroperbenzoic acid (5.56 g, 32.2 mmol) was added to a solution ofmethyl(1S,6R)-6-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}cyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate (7.8g, 27 mmol) in methylene chloride (150 mL) with stirring at about 0° C.The mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight.The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane then washed with sat.NaHCO₃ (3×). The organic layer was dried (MgSO₄), filtered, andconcentrated. The crude was purified on silica gel, eluted with 0-50%EtOAc in hexanes to give 4.7 g (57%) of the desired product as a whitesolid. LCMS calculated for C₁₆H₂₀NO₅ (M+H)⁺: m/z=306.1. Found: 306.0. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.37-7.29 (m, 5H), 5.75 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.04(s, 2H), 4.09 (dtd, J=14.0, 6.8, 6.0, and 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.65 (s, 3H),3.18 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (dd, J=15.5 and 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.48 (td,J=7.3, 6.6, and 3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.23-2.01 (m, 3H) ppm.

Step 3. Methyl(1S,2R,4R)-2-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate

To a mixture of methyl(1R,3S,4R,6S)-4-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-3-carboxylate(1.9 g, 6.2 mmol) in ethanol (30.0 mL) was added sodium tetrahydroborate(0.471 g, 12.4 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred overnight (22 h)at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with sat. NH₄Cl, thenmost of the solvent evaporated. The residue was taken up in EtOAc andwashed with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. The crudewas purified on silica gel, eluted with 40-100% EtOAc in hexanes to give0.75 g (39%) of the desired product. LCMS calculated for C₁₆H₂₂NO₅(M+H)⁺: m/z=308.1. Found: 308.0. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.36-7.28 (m,5H), 6.02 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (s, 2H), 4.03 (s, 1H), 3.87 (s, 1H),3.64 (s, 3H), 2.68 (s, 1H), 2.22-2.11 (m, 1H), 1.97-1.67 (m, 5H), 1.42(s, 1H) ppm.

Step 4. (1S,2R,4R)-2-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-4[(methylsulfonyl)oxy]cyclohexanecarboxylate

Methanesulfonyl chloride (79.6 μL, 1.03 mmol) was added to a mixture ofmethyl(1S,2R,4R)-2-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate(243 mg, 0.791 mmol) and triethylamine (0.22 mL, 1.6 mmol) in methylenechloride (4.0 mL) with stirring at about 0° C. The resulting mixture waskept cold and stirred for 2 h. The mixture was diluted withdichloromethane then washed with water and brine. The organic layer wasdried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated to give a white solid. LCMScalculated for C₁₇H₂₄NO₇S (M+H)⁺: m/z=386.1. Found: 386.0.

Step 5. Methyl(1S,2R,4S)-4-azido-2-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}cyclohexanecarboxylate

To a solution of methyl(1S,2R,4R)-2-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-4-[(methylsulfonyl)oxy]cyclohexanecarboxylate(0.30 g, 0.78 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (2.6 mL) was added sodiumazide (0.20 g, 3.1 mmol). The reaction was heated to 80° C. and stirredfor 2.5 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was poured into sat.NaHCO3/water and extracted with EtOAc (3 x). The combined extracts werewashed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The crude waspurified on silica gel, eluting with 0-40% EtOAc in hexanes to give 187mg (72%) of the desired product as a clear gum. LCMS calculated forC₁₆H₂₁N₂O₄ (M+H-28)⁺: m/z=305.2. Found: 305.1.

Step 6. Benzyl [(1R,2R,5S)-5-amino-2-(cyanomethyl)cyclohexyl]carbamate

To a mixture of benzyl[(1R,2R,5S)-5-azido-2-(cyanomethyl)cyclohexyl]carbamate (45 mg, 0.14mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.5 mL) was added water (13 μL, 0.73 mmol) andresin of triphenylphosphine (150 mg, 0.29 mmol). The resulting mixturewas stirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture was filtered anddried in vacuo to give 32 mg of crude product. LCMS calculated forC₁₆H₂₂N₃O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=288.2. Found: 288.0. The crude was used withoutfurther purification.

Step 7. Benzyl{(1R,2R,5S)-2-(cyanomethyl)-5[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}carbamate

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (22.0 mg, 0.102mmol), benzyl [(1R,2R,5S)-5-amino-2-(cyanomethyl)cyclohexyl]carbamate(32 mg, 0.11 mmol) and triethylamine (35.7 μL, 0.256 mmol) in isopropylalcohol (0.4 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 2 h. The mixture was cooledand purified on silica gel, eluted with 10-90% EtOAc in hexanes to give28 mg (59%) of the desired product. LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₂₄N₅O₄S(M+H)⁺: m/z=466.2. Found: 466.1.

Step 8. Benzyl[(1R,2R,5S)-5[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-2-(cyanomethyl)cyclohexyl]carbamate

A mixture of benzyl{(1R,2R,5S)-2-(cyanomethyl)-5-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}carbamate(28 mg, 0.060 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (7.0 mg) in methanol(0.44 mL) was stirred under an atmosphere of H₂ (balloon) for 3 h. Themixture was filtered and concentrated to give 26 mg of the desiredproduct. LCMS calculated for C₂₃H₂₆N₅O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=436.2. Found:436.0.

Step 9. Benzyl((1R,2R,5S)-2-(cyanomethyl)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)carbamate

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (17.1 mg, 0.192 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (34.2 mg, 0.180 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (0.36 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 75 min andthen concentrated. The residue was dissolved in ethanol (0.14 mL), andthis solution was then added to a solution of benzyl[(1R,2R,5S)-5-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-2-(cyanomethyl)cyclohexyl]carbamate(26 mg, 0.060 mmol) in ethanol (0.36 mL) in a vial. The resultingmixture was stirred at 80° C. overnight. After cooling, the mixture wasconcentrated and purified on silica gel, eluted with 0-10% MeOH indichloromethane to give 18 mg of the desired product. LCMS calculatedfor C₂₆H₂₈N₅O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=490.2. Found: 490.0.

Step 10.((1R,2R,4S)-2-Amino-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile

A mixture of benzyl((1R,2R,5S)-2-(cyanomethyl)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)carbamate(18 mg, 0.037 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (24 mg) in methanol(0.27 mL) was stirred under an atmosphere of H₂ (balloon) overnight. Themixture was filtered and concentrated. The crude was purified usingprep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of30 mL/min) to give 3.2 mg of the desired product. LCMS calculated forC₁₈H₂₂N₅OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=356.2. Found: 356.1.

Example 68{(2R,5S)-5-[2-(1-Aminoethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitriletrifluoroacetate

Step 1.[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Acetyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]acetonitrile

To a solution of((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile(154 mg, 0.450 mmol) in methylene chloride (2.0 mL) was added sodiumbicarbonate (110 mg, 1.31 mmol) followed by Dess-Martin periodinane (219mg, 0.517 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 3 h. The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane, filtered, andconcentrated. The crude was purified on silica gel, eluted with 0-10%MeOH in dichloromethane to give 250 mg of crude product as a white gum.LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₁₇N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=341.1. Found: 341.0 (M+H).¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.23 (s, 1H), 7.77 (s, 2H), 4.52 (t, J=11.1Hz, 1H), 4.07 (dd, J=10.1 and 4.4 Hz, 2H), 2.92-2.81 (m, 3H), 2.70-2.64(m, 2H), 2.21-2.09 (m, 2H), 1.83 (qd, J=13.4 and 4.7 Hz, 1H), 1.62 (s,2H) ppm.

Step 2.{(2R,5S)-5-[2-(1-Aminoethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitriletrifluoroacetate

A mixture of[(2R,5S)-5-(2-acetyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]acetonitrile(0.10 g, 0.18 mmol), ammonium acetate (136 mg, 1.76 mmol) and sodiumcyanoborohydride (28 mg, 0.44 mmol) in methanol (0.4 mL)/acetonitrile(0.4 mL) was heated at 65° C. overnight. The mixture was cooled andpurified using RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.05% TFA, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) togive 27 mg (46%) of the desired product. LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₂₀N₅OS(M+H)⁺: m/z=342.1. Found: 342.0.

Example 69N-(1-{1-[(3S,6R)-6-(Cyanomethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethyl)acetamide

To a mixture of{(2R,5S)-5-[2-(1-aminoethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitriletrifluoroacetate (8.0 mg, 0.018 mmol) (Example 68) and triethylamine (12μL, 0.088 mmol) in methylene chloride (0.15 mL) was added acetylchloride (2.0 μL, 0.028 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 3 h and then concentrated. The residue was purifiedusing RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of30 mL/min) to give 3.5 mg (52%) of the desired product. LCMS calculatedfor C₁₉H₂₂N₅O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=384.1. Found: 384.2.

Example 70((2R,5S)-5-{2-[1-(Methylamino)ethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile

To a cooled mixture of{(2R,5S)-5-[2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile(10.1 mg, 0.0295 mmol) and triethylamine (12 μL, 0.088 mmol) inmethylene chloride (0.18 mL) was added methanesulfonyl chloride (2.7 μL,0.035 mmol). The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to roomtemperature and stirred overnight. The mixture was diluted withdichloromethane and washed with water (2×). The layers were separatedand the organic concentrated. To the concentrate was added methylenechloride (0.2 mL), triethylamine (18 μL), and methylammonium chloride(6.0 mg, 0.088 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at roomtemperature over the weekend (64 h) then heated to 40° C. for 3 h. Themixture was concentrated then purified using RP-HPLC (XBridge C18column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1%ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give 2 mg (19%) of thedesired product. LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₂₂N₅OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=356.2.Found: 356.1.

Example 71{(2R,5S)-5-[2-(1-Fluoroethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile

To a cooled mixture of{(2R,5S)-5-[2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile(8.0 mg, 0.023 mmol) in methylene chloride (0.2 mL) was added2-methoxy-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-N-(trifluoro-44)-sulfanyl)ethanamine (4.7μL, 0.026 mmol) (Deoxo-Fluor). The resulting mixture was warmed to roomtemperature and stirred overnight. Additional Deoxo-Fluor (5 μL) wasadded. After 6 h, the reaction was quenched with a few drops of waterthen concentrated. The residue was purified using RP-HPLC (XBridge C18column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1%ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give 1.6 mg (20%) ofthe desired product. LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₁₈FN₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=345.1.Found: 345.0.

Example 72[4-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-(1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile

Step 1. (8-Amino-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl)methanol

Lithium tetrahydroaluminate (189 mg, 4.97 mmol) was added in portions toa solution of 8-amino-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylic acid (fromAldrich, 0.50 g, 2.5 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) with stirring atabout 0° C. The resulting mixture was slowly warmed to room temperatureand stirred overnight. Fieser workup (0.2 mL H₂O, 0.2 mL 10% NaOH, 0.6mL H₂O) was performed followed by filtration through Celite andconcentrated to give 0.41 g of the desired product to be used withoutfurther purifications. LCMS calculated for C₉H₁₈NO₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=188.1.Found: 188.0.

Step 2.{8-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl}methanol

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (229 mg, 1.07 mmol),(8-amino-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl)methanol (240 mg, 1.28 mmol) andtriethylamine (300 μL, 2 mmol) in isopropyl alcohol (3.5 mL) was stirredat 90° C. overnight. After cooling to room temperature, water was added,which caused more solids to form. The solids were filtered, washed withwater, and dried to give 219 mg (56%) of the desired product. LCMScalculated for C₁₆H₂₀N₃O₅S (M+H)⁺: m/z=366.1. Found: 366.1. ¹H NMR (300MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.93 (s, 1H), 7.78-7.75 (m, 2H), 4.17 (s, 2H), 4.02-3.84(m, 4H), 2.52 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 2H), 2.12-1.82 (m, 4H), 1.78-1.44 (m, 4H)ppm.

Step 3.{8-[(6-Aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl}methanol

To a mixture of{8-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl}methanol(219 mg, 0.599 mmol) in methanol (4.5 mL) was added 10% palladium oncarbon (76 mg). The mixture was stirred under an atmosphere of H₂(balloon) for 2 d. The mixture was filtered through Celite andconcentrated to give 0.20 g of the crude product, which was useddirectly in the next step without further purifications. LCMS calculatedfor C₁₆H₂₂N₃O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=336.1. Found: 336.2.

Step 4.[8-(1H-Imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl]methanol

A mixture of{8-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl}methanol(90.0 mg, 0.268 mmol), ethyl orthoformate (112 μL, 0.671 mmol), andp-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (5.1 mg, 0.027 mmol) in toluene (3.0mL) was stirred at 85° C. overnight. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc,then washed with sat. sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organic layerwas dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated to give 50 mg (50%) of thedesired product. LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₂₀N₃O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=346.1.Found: 346.0.

Step 5.4-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-(1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexanone

A mixture of[8-(1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl]methanol(0.13 g, 0.38 mmol) and 3.0 M hydrogen chloride in water (2.0 mL, 6.0mmol) in acetone (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 5 h and thenat 60° C. for 1 h. After cooling, the mixture was made slightly basic bythe addition of 2.0 N NaOH. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×).The combined extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated.The crude was purified on silica gel, eluted with 0-15% MeOH indichloromethane to give 56 mg (49%) of the desired product. LCMScalculated for C₁₅H₁₆N₃O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=302.1. Found: 302.1.

Step 6.[4-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-(1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexylidene]acetonitrile

To a solution of diethyl cyanomethylphosphonate (38.6 mg, 0.218 mmol) intetrahydrofuran (0.5 mL) stirring at about 0° C. was added sodiumhydride (10.5 mg, 0.262 mmol). To this was added a solution of4-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexanone(56 mg, 0.18 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (0.45 mL). The mixture wasallowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. The reactionwas quenched with water, causing formation of solids. The solids werefiltered to give 18 mg of pure desired product. The filtrate was dilutedwith EtOAc, washed with water, and concentrated to give an additional 39mg of the crude product. LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₁₇N₄OS (M+H)⁺:m/z=325.1. Found: 325.0. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.15(s, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (s, 1H),4.34 (s, 2H), 2.80 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 3H), 2.59-2.29 (m, 4H), 1.26 (d, J=15.3Hz, 2H) ppm.

Step 7.[4-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-(1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile

A mixture of[4-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexylidene]acetonitrile(18 mg, 0.055 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (5.9 mg) in methanol(0.6 mL) was stirred under an atmosphere of H₂ (balloon) for 4.5 h. Themixture was filtered through a pad of Celite and concentrated. The cruderesidue was purified using RP-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with agradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, atflow rate of 30 mL/min) to give two isomers. On analytic HPLC (WatersSunFire C18, 2.1×50 mm, 5 μM; flow rate 3 mL/min; Injection volume 2 μL;at gradient from 2 to 80% B in 3 minutes (A=water with 0.025% TFA,B=acetonitrile)): First peak retention time 1.05 min, LCMS calculatedfor C₁₇H₁₉N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=327.1. Found: 327.0. Second peak retentiontime 1.13 min, LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₁₉N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=327.1. Found:327.0.

Example 73{(2R,5S)-5-[2-(Cyanomethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile

Step 1. tert-Butyl[(3S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]carbamate

{(5S)-5-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methylacetate (from example 19, step 5) (3.47 g, 12.8 mmol) and 10% palladiumon carbon (1.4 g) in methanol (60 mL) was stirred under a H₂ balloon atroom temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and thefiltrate was treated with 1.0 M sodium hydroxide in water (12 mL). Afterstirring for 4 h, the reaction solution was concentrated and dilutedwith ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated and washed withbrine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The residue was purifiedwith prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of60 mL/min) to give the desired product (0.77 g, 26%). LCMS calculatedfor C₆H₁₄NO₂ (M−100+H)⁺: m/z=132.1. Found: 132.1.

Step 2.{(5S)-5-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methylmethanesulfonate

tert-Butyl [(3S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]carbamate(331 mg, 1.43 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was treated withmethanesulfonyl chloride (0.222 mL, 2.87 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture wasstirred at 0° C. for 1 h, then concentrated and partitioned betweenethyl acetate and water. The organic phase was concentrated and purifiedon silica gel (eluting with a gradient of 0 to 50% ethyl acetate inhexanes) to give the desired product (0.38 g, 86%). LCMS calculated forC₈H₁₆NO₆S (M-t-Bu+H)⁺: m/z=254.1. Found: 254.0.

Step 3. [(5S)-5-Aminotetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]acetonitrile

A mixture of{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}methylmethanesulfonate (308 mg, 0.996 mmol) and sodium cyanide (58 mg, 1.2mmol) in DMSO (3 mL) was stirred at 90° C. overnight. After cooling toroom temperature, the mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate andbrine. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried overNa₂SO₄, and concentrated to give the cyano intermediate. A solution ofthe intermediate in dichloromethane (4 mL) was treated with 4 M HCl indioxane (2 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h,then concentrated to give the desired product as HCl salt. (42 mg, 30%).LCMS calculated for C₇H₁₃N₂O (M+H)⁺: m/z=141.1. Found: 141.1.

Step 4.{(2R,5S)-5-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrileand{(2S,5S)-5-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile

7-Chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (1.18 g, 5.52 mmol),[(5S)-5-aminotetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]acetonitrile hydrochloride (1.01g, 5.72 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (2.0 mL, 12 mmol) inisopropyl alcohol (13 mL) was heated at 50° C. overnight. The solventwas removed and the solid was dissolve in dichloromethane and purifiedwith flash chromatography (20-90% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give twofractions. On the analytical HPLC (Waters SunFire C18, 2.1×50 mm, 5 uM,with injection volume 2 μL and flow rate 3 mL/min, at gradient from 2 to80% B in 3 minutes (A=water with 0.025% TFA; B=acetonitrile)): Firstfraction retention time 1.715 min, LCMS calculated for C₁₄H₁₅N₄O₃S(M+H)⁺: m/z=319.1. Found: 319.1; Second fraction retention time 1.561min, LCMS calculated for C₁₄H₁₅N₄O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=319.1. Found: 319.1.

Step 5.{(2R,5S)-5[(6-Aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile

{(2R,5S)-5-[(6-Nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile(712 mg, 2.24 mmol) (first fraction from last step) and 10% palladium oncarbon (360 mg) in methanol (15 mL) was subjected to balloon pressure ofH₂ at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered andconcentrated and purified with flash chromatography (15%methanol/dichloromethane) to give the desired product (604 mg, 94%).LCMS calculated for C₁₄H₁₇N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=289.1. Found: 289.0.

Step 6.{(2R,5S)-5-[2-(Cyanomethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile

A mixture of 2-Cyanoacetamide (80.8 mg, 0.960 mmol) and triethyloxoniumtetrafluoroborate (181 mg, 0.952 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was stirred at roomtemperature for 2 h. The solvent was removed and the residue dissolvedin ethanol (0.6 mL) and added to a suspension of{(2R,5S)-5-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile(85.0 mg, 0.295 mmol) in ethanol (2 mL). The resulting mixture wasstirred at 55° C. overnight. The reaction was cooled to room temperatureand the solid was filtered. The filtrate was purified with preparativeLCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/watercontaining 0.05% TFA, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desiredproduct as TFA salt. LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₁₆N₅OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=338.1.Found: 338.3. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 9.24 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=5.5Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (s, 2H), 4.67 (br s, 1H), 4.20 (m,2H), 4.00 (s, 1H), 2.96 (dd, J=17.0, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (dd, J=17.0, 6.6Hz, 1H), 2.49 (m, 1H), 2.29 (m, 1H), 2.06 (m, 1H), 1.72 (m, 1H) ppm.

Example 74{(2S,5S)-5-[2-(Cyanomethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile

Step 1.{(2S,5S)-5[(6-Aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 73, Step 5, using{(2S,5S)-5-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile(fraction 2, from Example 73, step 4) instead of{(2R,5S)-5-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrileas starting material LCMS calculated for C₁₄H₁₇N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=289.1.Found: 289.0.

Step 2.{(2S,5S)-5-[2-(Cyanomethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile

This compound was prepared according to the procedure described inExample 73, Step 6, using{(2S,5S)-5-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrileinstead of{(2R,5S)-5-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrileas starting material. LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₁₆N₅OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=338.1.Found: 338.3.

Example 75N-[((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl]methanesulfonamide

Step 1.(1R)-1-{1-[(3S,6R)-6-(Azidomethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

A mixture of((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate (25 mg, 0.052 mmol) and sodium azide (5.0 mg,0.077 mmol) in DMF (0.5 mL) was stirred at 60° C. overnight. Aftercooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with methanol andpurified with prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of60 mL/min) to give desired product (12 mg, 65%). LCMS calculated forC₁₆H₁₉N₆O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=359.1. Found: 359.0.

Step 2.(1R)-1-{1-[(3S,6R)-6-(Aminomethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol

A solution of(1R)-1-{1-[(3S,6R)-6-(azidomethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol(12 mg, 0.034 mmol) in methanol (0.2 mL) was added 10% palladium oncarbon (5.7 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred under H₂ balloonovernight. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite andwashed with methanol. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure togive the desired product (11 mg, 99%). LCMS calculated for C₁₆H₂₁N₄O₂S(M+H)⁺: m/z=333.1. Found: 333.1.

Step 3.N-[((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl]methanesulfonamide

To a solution of(1R)-1-{1-[(3S,6R)-6-(aminomethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol(11 mg, 0.033 mmol) in methanol (0.5 mL) was addedN,N-diisopropylethylamine (17 μL, 0.099 mmol) and methanesulfonylchloride (2.8 μL, 0.036 mmol). After stirring for 0.5 h, anotherequivalent of methanesulfonyl chloride was added. After stirring for 20min, The reaction solution was diluted with methanol and purified withprep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of30 mL/min) to give the desired product (5 mg, 37%). LCMS calculated forC₁₇H₂₃N₄O₄S₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=411.1. Found: 411.1.

Example 76 Isopropyl[((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl]carbamate

To a solution of(1R)-1-{1-[(3S,6R)-6-(aminomethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol(11 mg, 0.032 mmol) and triethylamine (22 μL, 0.16 mmol) in methylenechloride (1 mL) was added 1.0 M isopropyl chloroformate in toluene (39μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, then strippedto dryness and purified on prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with agradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, atflow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product (0.9 mg, 7%). LCMScalculated for C₂₀H₂₇N₄O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=419.2. Found: 419.0.

Example 77[trans-4-(8-Methylpyrazolo[1,5-c]thieno[2,3-e]pyrimidin-9-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile

Step 1. 4-(Hydroxymethyl)cyclohexanol

To a suspension of lithium tetrahydroaluminate (3.11 g, 81.9 mmol) inTHF (158 mL) was added a solution of ethyl4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate (9.40 g, 54.6 mmol) in THF (20 mL) at 0°C. After stirring for 30 min at same temperature, the reaction wasquenched with water (10 mL) dropwise, then 15% NaOH solution (10 mL) andwater (30 mL). After stirring for 10 min, the reaction mixture wasfiltered through a pad of Celite, the organic layer was wash with brine,dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue waspurified by flash chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hex) to give thedesired product as white solid (6.9 g, 97%).

Step 2. (cis-4-Hydroxycyclohexyl)methyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate and(trans-4-Hydroxycyclohexyl)methyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate

To a solution of 4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexanol (6.80 g, 52.2 mmol) indichloromethane (400 mL) and pyridine (10.6 mL, 130 mmol) was addedp-toluenesulfonyl chloride (11.0 g, 57.4 mmol) and4-dimethylaminopyridine (410 mg, 3.3 mmol). The reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was dilutedwith 1 N HCl solution and extracted with dichloromethane. The combinedorganics were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crudewas purified with flash chromatography (eluting with a gradient 0-50%ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give two fractions. On the analytical HPLC(Waters SunFire C18, 2.1×50 mm, 5 uM, with injection volume 2 μL andflow rate 3 mL/min, at gradient from 2 to 80% B in 3 minutes (A=waterwith 0.025% TFA; B=acetonitrile)): First fraction retention time 2.319min, LCMS calculated for C₁₄H₂₁O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=285.1. Found: 285.0; ¹HNMR ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.77 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=8.1 Hz,1H), 3.97 (br s, 1H), 3.83 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 1.76-1.58(m, 6H), 1.48 (m, 3H) ppm. Second fraction retention time 2.222 min,LCMS calculated for C₁₄H₂₁O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=285.1. Found: 285.0. ¹H NMR(300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.77 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 3.82(d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.51 (m, 1H), 2.50 (d, J=8.0 Hz, OH), 2.44 (s, 3H),2.14-1.90 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.52 (m, 3H), 1.45-1.09 (m, 2H), 1.09-0.87 (m,2H) ppm.

Step 3. (cis-4-Hydroxycyclohexyl)acetonitrile

A mixture of (cis-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)methyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate(6.9 g, 24 mmol) (first fraction from last step), sodium cyanide (1.43g, 29.1 mmol) and DMF (86 mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 1 h. Aftercooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetateand water. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate once. Thecombined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Thecrude was purified with flash chromatography (eluting with a gradient of0-50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give the desired product (2.5 g,74%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.58 (m, 1H), 2.27 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H),2.02 (m, 2H), 1.88 (m, 2H), 1.78-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.42-1.07 (m, 4H) ppm.

Step. 4. (trans-4-Iodocyclohexyl)acetonitrile

To a solution of (cis-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)acetonitrile (2.50 g, 18.0mmol) in dichloromethane (80 mL) at 0° C. was added 1H-imidazole (1.47g, 21.6 mmol), triphenylphosphine (5.65 g, 21.6 mmol), and followed byiodine (5.47 g, 21.6 mmol) in several portions over a period of 45 min.The resulting suspension was gradually allowed to warm to roomtemperature. After stirring at room temperature overnight, the mixturewas partitioned between Et₂O (100 mL) and water (100 mL). The organiclayer was washed with saturated Na₂SO₃ solution and brine, dried overMgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flashchromatography (0-20% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give the desired productas white solid (1.0 g, 22%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.04 (m, 1H),2.50-2.38 (m, 2H), 2.24 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 1.99 (m, 2H), 1.77 (m, 3H),1.22 (m, 2H) ppm.

Step 5.[trans-4-(8-Methylpyrazolo[1,5-c]thieno[2,3-e]pyrimidin-9-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile

A microwave tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar and a rubber septumwas charged with lithium chloride (44.9 mg, 1.06 mmol). The vial washeated at 140° C. for 10 min under high vacuum and backfilled withnitrogen after cooling to room temperature. Zinc (69.3 mg, 1.06 mmol)was added and the vial was heated at 140° C. for 10 min under highvacuum and backfilled with nitrogen. After cooling to room temperature,THF (0.6 mL) and 1,2-dibromoethane (3.4 μL, 0.040 mmol) was added viasyringe. The mixture was heated at 60° C. for 10 min and then cooled toroom temperature. Chlorotrimethylsilane (0.99 μL, 0.0078 mmol) andiodine (1.0 mg, 0.0039 mmol) in THF (0.2 mL) was added and stirred at60° C. for 10 min and cooled to room temperature.(trans-4-Iodocyclohexyl)acetonitrile (132 mg, 0.53 mmol) in THF (0.2 mL)was then added, and the mixture stirred at 50° C. overnight.9-Bromo-8-methylpyrazolo[1,5-c]thieno[2,3-e]pyrimidine (80.2 mg, 0.299mmol), 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)-2′,6′-dimethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl (29 mg,0.072 mmol) in toluene (0.2 mL) were added to a microwave vial. The vialwas evacuated under high vacuum and backfilled with nitrogen. Themixture was cooled to 0° C. and the zinc reagent was added slowly viasyringe. After addition, the reaction was heated to 60° C. overnight andpartitioned between EtOAc and saturated NH₄Cl solution. The layers wereseparated and the aqueous extracted further with ethyl acetate (2×). Thecombined organics were washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO₄,and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in methanol and purifiedwith preparative LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of60 mL/min) to give a colorless solid (5.3 mg, 5.7%). LCMS calculated forC₁₇H₁₉N₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=311.1. Found: 311.1. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ8.96 (s, 1H), 7.59 (m, 1H), 7.49 (m, 1H), 2.90 (m, 1H), 2.51 (s, 3H),2.36 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.06 (m, 2H), 1.97-1.88 (m, 5H), 1.37 (m, 2H).ppm.

Example 78 Methyl[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)methyl]carbamate

Step 1. tert-Butyl({trans-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methyl)carbamate

A mixture of 7-chloro-6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridine (220 mg, 1.0 mmol),tert-butyl [(trans-4-aminocyclohexyl)methyl]carbamate (250 mg, 1.1 mmol)and triethylamine (0.43 mL, 3.1 mmol) in isopropyl alcohol (8 mL) washeated at 90° C. for 2 h. The solvent was removed and the resultingresidue was purified by flash chromatography (0-80% EtOAc/Hexanes) togive the desired product (0.32 g, 77%). LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₇N₄O₄S(M+H)⁺: m/z=407.2. Found: 407.0.

Step 2. tert-Butyl({trans-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methyl)carbamate

A mixture of tert-butyl({trans-4-[(6-nitrothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methyl)carbamate(0.32 g, 0.79 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (0.01 g) in methanol (3mL) was hydrogenated under balloon pressure of hydrogen at roomtemperature for 2 h. The mixture was filtered and concentrated to givethe desired product (0.3 g, 100%) to be used in the next step directly.LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₉N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=377.2. Found: 377.1.

Step 3. tert-Butyl[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)methyl]carbamate

A mixture of (2R)-2-hydroxypropanamide (0.29 g, 3.3 mmol) andtriethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (0.61 g, 3.2 mmol) in THF (5.6 mL) wasstirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solvent was removed and theresidue dissolved in ethanol (2.4 mL) and added to a suspension oftert-butyl({trans-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methyl)carbamate(0.30 g, 0.80 mmol) in ethanol (8.6 mL). The mixture was stirred at 85°C. for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated and purified with flashchromatography (0-10% methanol/dichloromethane) to give the desiredproduct (0.21 g, 61%). LCMS calculated for C₂₂H₃₁N₄O₃S (M+H)⁺:m/z=431.2. Found: 431.1.

Step 4.(1R)-1-{1-[trans-4-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolbis(trifluoroacetate) (salt)

[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)methyl]carbamate(0.21 g, 0.49 mmol) was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (0.7 mL, 9mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) at room temperature for 1 h. The mixturewas stripped to dryness to give the desired product as TFA salt (0.35 g,79%). LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₂₃N₄OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=331.1. Found: 331.0.

Step 5. Methyl[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)methyl]carbamate

To a solution of(1R)-1-{1-[trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolbis(trifluoroacetate) (16 mg, 0.029 mmol) and triethylamine (20 μL, 0.14mmol) in methylene chloride (1 mL) was added methyl chloroformate (2.6μL, 0.034 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h,then stripped to dryness and purified on prep-HPLC (XBridge C18 column,eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desired product (1.4mg, 13%). LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₅N₄O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=389.2. Found:389.0. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 8.98 (1H, s), 8.02 (1H, d, J=5.5Hz), 7.66 (1H, d, J=5.5 Hz), 7.24 (1H, m), 5.80 (1H, br s), 5.18 (1H,m), 4.90 (1H, br s), 3.54 (3H, s), 2.96 (2H, m), 2.38 (2H, m), 2.00-1.93(4H, m), 1.76 (1H, m), 1.65 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz), 1.21 (2H, m) ppm.

Example 79N-[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)methyl]acetamide

To a solution of(1R)-1-{1-[trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolbis(trifluoroacetate) (16 mg, 0.029 mmol) and triethylamine (20. μL,0.14 mmol) in dichloromethane (1 mL) was added acetic anhydride (4.0 μL,0.043 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, thenstripped to dryness and purified on prep-HPLC (XBridge C18 column,eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desired product (1.4mg, 13%). LCMS calculated for C₁₉H₂₅N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=373.2. Found:373.1.

Example 80N-[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)methyl]methanesulfonamide

To a solution of(1R)-1-{1-[trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolbis(trifluoroacetate) (16 mg, 0.029 mmol) and triethylamine (20. μL,0.14 mmol in methylene chloride (1 mL) was added methanesulfonylchloride (2.7 μL, 0.034 mmol). The mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 1 h, then stripped to dryness and purified on prep-LCMS(XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/watercontaining 0.05% TFA, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desiredcompound as TFA salt (1.9 mg, 16%) as TFA salt. LCMS calculated forC₁₈H₂₅N₄O₃S₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=409.1. Found: 409.1.

Example 81N′-[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)methyl]-N,N-dimethylurea

To a solution of(1R)-1-{1-[trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolbis(trifluoroacetate) (16 mg, 0.029 mmol) and triethylamine (20 μL, 0.14mmol) in methylene chloride (1 mL) was added N,N-dimethylcarbamoylchloride (3.2 μL, 0.034 mmol). The mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 1 h, then stripped to dryness and purified on prep-LCMS(XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/watercontaining 0.05% TFA, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desiredcompound as TFA salt (3.4 mg, 30%) as TFA salt. LCMS calculated forC₂₀H₂₈N₅O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=402.2. Found: 402.2.

Example 82 Ethyl[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)methyl]carbamate

To a solution of(1R)-1-{1-[trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolbis(trifluoroacetate) (18 mg, 0.032 mmol) and triethylamine (22 μL, 0.16mmol) in methylene chloride (1 mL) was added ethyl chloroformate (3.7μL, 0.039 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h,then stripped to dryness and purified on prep-HPLC (XBridge C18 column,eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desired product (0.9mg, 7%). LCMS calculated for C₂₀H₂₇N₄O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=403.2. Found:402.9.

Example 83 Propyl[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)methyl]carbamate

To a solution of(1R)-1-{1-[trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolbis(trifluoroacetate) (18 mg, 0.032 mmol) and triethylamine (22 μL, 0.16mmol) in methylene chloride (1 mL) was added propyl chloroformate (4.3μL, 0.039 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h,then stripped to dryness and purified on prep-HPLC (XBridge C18 column,eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammoniumhydroxide, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desired product (0.9mg, 7%). LCMS calculated for C₂₁H₂₉N₄O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=417.2. Found:417.0.

Example 84 Isopropyl[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)methyl]carbamate

To a solution of(1R)-1-{1-[trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolbis(trifluoroacetate) (18 mg, 0.032 mmol) and triethylamine (22 μL, 0.16mmol) in methylene chloride (1 mL) was added 1.0 M isopropylchloroformate in toluene (39 μL). The mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 1 h, then stripped to dryness and purified on prep-HPLC(XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/watercontaining 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to givethe desired product (0.9 mg, 7%). LCMS calculated for C₂₁H₂₉N₄O₃S(M+H)⁺: m/z=417.2. Found: 417.1.

Example 85 Tetrahydrofuran-3-yl[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)methyl]carbamate

To a solution of(1R)-1-{1-[trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanolbis(trifluoroacetate) (18 mg, 0.032 mmol) and triethylamine (22 μL, 0.16mmol) in methylene chloride (1 mL) was added 4-nitrophenyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl carbonate (9.8 mg, 0.039 mmol). The mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 1 h, then stripped to dryness andpurified on prep-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of60 mL/min) to give the desired product (1.8 mg, 12%). LCMS calculatedfor C₂₂H₂₉N₄O₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=445.2. Found: 445.0.

Example 86 Methyl({trans-4-[2-(cyanomethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]cyclohexyl}methyl)carbamate

Step 1. tert-Butyl({trans-4-[2-(cyanomethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]cyclohexyl}methyl)carbamate

A mixture of 2-Cyanoacetamide (120 mg, 1.5 mmol) and triethyloxoniumtetrafluoroborate (270 mg, 1.4 mmol) in THF (1.1 mL) was stirred at roomtemperature for 2 h. The solvent was removed and the residue dissolvedin ethanol (0.5 mL) and added to a suspension of tert-butyl({trans-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}methyl)carbamate(150 mg, 0.40 mmol) in ethanol (1.7 mL). The mixture was stirred at 85°C. for 2 h. The solid was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated andpurified on flash chromatography (0-10% methanol/dichloromethane) togive the desired product (0.12 g, 71%). LCMS calculated for C₂₂H₂₈N₅O₂S(M+H)⁺: m/z=426.2. Found: 426.0.

Step 2.{1-[trans-4-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}acetonitrilebis(HCl)

({trans-4-[2-(Cyanomethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]cyclohexyl}methyl)carbamate(0.12 g, 0.28 mmol)) was treated with 4.0 M hydrogen chloride in dioxane(0.5 mL) in methylene chloride (0.5 mL) at room temperature for 1 h. Thesolid was filtered, washed with DCM and methanol, and air-dried to givethe desired product (0.10 g, 77%). LCMS calculated for C₁₇H₂₀N₅S (M+H)⁺:m/z=326.1. Found: 326.0.

Step 3. Methyl({trans-4-[2-(cyanomethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]cyclohexyl}methyl)carbamate

To a solution of{1-[trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}acetonitrile(9.5 mg, 0.029 mmol) and triethylamine (20 μL, 0.14 mmol) in methylenechloride (1 mL) was added methyl chloroformate (2.7 μL, 0.035 mmol). Themixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, then stripped todryness and purified on prep-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with agradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, atflow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desired product (1.4 mg, 12%). LCMScalculated for C₁₉H₂₂N₅O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=384.1. Found: 384.0.

Example 87 Ethyl({trans-4-[2-(cyanomethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]cyclohexyl}methyl)carbamate

To a solution of{1-[trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}acetonitrile(9.5 mg, 0.029 mmol) and triethylamine (20. μL, 0.14 mmol) in methylenechloride (1 mL) was added ethyl chloroformate (3.3 μL, 0.035 mmol). Themixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, then stripped todryness and purified on prep-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with agradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, atflow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desired product (1.9 mg, 16%). LCMScalculated for C₂₀H₂₄N₅O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=398.2. Found: 397.8.

Example 88 Isopropyl({trans-4-[2-(cyanomethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]cyclohexyl}methyl)carbamate

To a solution of{1-[trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}acetonitrile(9.5 mg, 0.029 mmol) and triethylamine (20. μL, 0.14 mmol) in methylenechloride (1 mL) was added 1.0 M isopropyl chloroformate in toluene (35μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, then strippedto dryness and purified on prep-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with agradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, atflow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desired product (1.5 mg, 12%). LCMScalculated for C₂₁H₂₆N₅O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=412.2. Found: 412.1.

Example 89N-({trans-4-[2-(Cyanomethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]cyclohexyl}methyl)propanamide

To a solution of{1-[trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}acetonitrile(9.5 mg, 0.029 mmol) and triethylamine (20. μL, 0.14 mmol) in methylenechloride (1 mL) was added propanoyl chloride (3.0 μL, 0.035 mmol). Themixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, then stripped todryness and purified on prep-HPLC (XBridge C18 column, eluting with agradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, atflow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desired product (1.1 mg, 9.9%). LCMScalculated for C₂₀H₂₄N₅OS (M+H)⁺: m/z=382.2. Found: 382.1.

Example 90{1-[trans-4-(Cyanomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}acetonitrile

A mixture of 2-Cyanoacetamide (11 mg, 0.13 mmol) and triethyloxoniumtetrafluoroborate (21 mg, 0.11 mmol) in THF (0.13 mL) was stirred atroom temperature for 2 h. The solvent was removed and the residuedissolved in ethanol (55 μL) and added to a suspension of{trans-4-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile(8.9 mg, 0.031 mmol) in ethanol (0.20 mL). The mixture was stirred at85° C. for 2 h. The mixture was purified on prep-HPLC (XBridge C18column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.05%TFA, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to give the desired product (2.7 mg,26%) as TFA salt. LCMS calculated for C₁₈H₁₈N₅S (M+H)⁺: m/z=336.1.Found: 336.0.

Example 91{(2R,5S)-5-[2-(Hydroxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile

A mixture of 2-hydroxyacetamide (93.3 mg, 1.24 mmol) and triethyloxoniumtetrafluoroborate (234 mg, 1.23 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was stirred at roomtemperature for 2 h. The solvent was removed and the residue dissolvedin ethanol (0.7 mL) and added to a suspension of{(5S)-5-[(6-aminothieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile(101 mg, 0.350 mmol) in ethanol (2.6 mL). The reaction mixture wasstirred at 80° C. for 1 h, and then cooled to room temperature. Thesolid was filtered off. The filtrate was diluted with methanol andpurified with prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 column, eluting with a gradient ofacetonitrile/water containing 0.1% ammonium hydroxide, at flow rate of60 mL/min) to give the desired product (40 mg, 35%). LCMS calculated forC₁₆H₁₇N₄O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=329.1. Found: 329.1. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ8.98 (s, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.89 (s,1H), 4.92 (m, 1H), 4.87 (s, 2H), 4.28 (m, 1H), 4.18-4.11 (m, 1H), 3.98(m, 1H), 2.95 (dd, J=17.0, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 2.83 (dd, J=17.0, 6.6 Hz, 1H),2.64 (m, 1H), 2.49 (m, 1H), 2.22 (m, 1H), 2.06 (m, 1H) ppm.

Example A In Vitro JAK Kinase Assay

Compounds herein were tested for inhibitory activity of JAK targetsaccording to the following in vitro assay described in Park et al.,Analytical Biochemistry 1999, 269, 94-104. The catalytic domains ofhuman JAK1 (a.a. 837-1142), JAK2 (a.a. 828-1132) and JAK3 (a.a.781-1124) were expressed using baculovirus in insect cells and purified.The catalytic activity of JAK1, JAK2 or JAK3 was assayed by measuringthe phosphorylation of a biotinylated peptide. The phosphorylatedpeptide was detected by homogenous time resolved fluorescence (HTRF).IC₅₀s of compounds were measured for each kinase in the 40 μL reactionsthat contain the enzyme, ATP and 500 nM peptide in 50 mM Tris (pH 7.8)buffer with 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM DTT, and 0.1 mg/mL (0.01%) BSA. For the 1mM IC₅₀ measurements, ATP concentration in the reactions was 1 mM.Reactions were carried out at room temperature for 1 hour and thenstopped with 20 μL 45 mM EDTA, 300 nM SA-APC, 6 nM Eu-Py20 in assaybuffer (Perkin Elmer, Boston, Mass.). Binding to the Europium labeledantibody took place for 40 minutes and HTRF signal was measured on aPHERA star plate reader (BMG, Cary, N.C.). The Example compounds wereeach tested in the Example A assay (see Table 1 for data for thecompounds of the examples as tested by the assay of Example A at 1 mMATP).

TABLE 1 JAK2 IC₅₀ Example JAK1 IC₅₀ (nM) (nM) JAK2/JAK1  1 ++ +++++ >3 2 + ++ >10  3 ++ +++++ >10  4 + +++ >10  5 + +++++ >10  6 +++ +++++ >6 7 + +++ >10  8 + ++ >10  9 (1^(st) peak) +++++ +++++  9 (2^(nd) peak)++ +++++ >10 10 + ++ >10 11 + +++++ >10 12 + +++ >10 13 + ++++ >10 14 +++++++ >5 15 +++ +++++ >9 16 ++ ++++ >10 17 + ++ >10 18 + ++ >10 19 +++++++ >10 20 + ++ >10 21 ++ +++++ >10 22 ++ +++++ >4 23 + ++ >10 24(first peak) + ++++ >10 24 (second peak) ++ ++++ >10 25 + ++ >6 26 +++ >10 27 + ++ >10 28 +++ +++++ >7 29 ++ +++ >9 30 (first peak) ++++++ >2 30 (second peak) +++ +++++ >10 31 ++ +++++ >10 32 + ++++ >1033 + ++ >7 34 ++ +++ >10 35 + ++++ >10 36 (first peak) + ++++ >10 36(second peak) + ++ >10 37 (first peak) ++ +++++ >10 37 (second peak) +++ >10 38 + + >10 39 + ++ >10 40 (first peak) + ++ >10 40 (second peak)++++ +++++ 41 (first peak) + ++ >10 41 (second peak) ++++ +++++ 42 +++ >10 43 + ++ >10 44 ++ +++++ >10 45 + ++++ >10 46 + ++ >3 47 + ++ >1048 + + >7 49 ++ +++++ >10 50 ++ +++++ >10 51 ++ ++++ >10 52 ++ +++++ >1053 ++ +++++ >10 54 ++ +++++ >10 55 ++ +++++ >10 56 ++ +++++ >10 57 +++++ >10 58 + +++++ >10 59 ++ +++++ >10 60 ++ +++++ >10 61 ++ +++++ >1062 ++ ++++ >10 63 +++ +++++ >6 64 + +++++ >10 65 ++ +++++ >10 66 +++++++ >10 67 ++ ++++ >10 68 + +++ >10 69 ++ +++++ >10 70 ++ ++++ >1071 + ++ >10 72 (second peak) + ++ >5 73 + ++ >10 74 ++ +++++ >10 75 ++++ >10 76 + +++ >10 77 + + >5 78 + ++ >10 79 + +++ >10 80 + +++ >1081 + ++++ >10 82 + ++ >10 83 + ++ >10 84 + ++ >10 85 + +++++ >10 86 +++ >10 87 + ++ >10 88 + +++++ >10 89 + ++++ >10 90 + ++ >10 91 +++ >10 + indicates an IC₅₀ of ≦100 nM ++ indicates an IC₅₀ of ≦1000 nM+++ indicates an IC₅₀ of ≦2000 nM ++++ indicates an IC₅₀ of >2000 nM+++++ indicates that the IC₅₀ was greater than the highest concentrationtested

Example B Cellular Assays

Cancer cell lines dependent on cytokines and hence JAK/STAT signaltransduction, for growth, can be plated at 6000 cells per well (96 wellplate format) in RPMI 1640, 10% FBS, and 1 nG/mL of appropriatecytokine. Compounds can be added to the cells in DMSO/media (finalconcentration 0.2% DMSO) and incubated for 72 hours at 37° C., 5% CO₂.The effect of compound on cell viability is assessed using theCellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay (Promega) followed byTopCount (Perkin Elmer, Boston, Mass.) quantitation. Potentialoff-target effects of compounds are measured in parallel using a non-JAKdriven cell line with the same assay readout. All experiments aretypically performed in duplicate.

The above cell lines can also be used to examine the effects ofcompounds on phosphorylation of JAK kinases or potential downstreamsubstrates such as STAT proteins, Akt, Shp2, or Erk. These experimentscan be performed following an overnight cytokine starvation, followed bya brief preincubation with compound (2 hours or less) and cytokinestimulation of approximately 1 hour or less. Proteins are then extractedfrom cells and analyzed by techniques familiar to those schooled in theart including Western blotting or ELISAs using antibodies that candifferentiate between phosphorylated and total protein. Theseexperiments can utilize normal or cancer cells to investigate theactivity of compounds on tumor cell survival biology or on mediators ofinflammatory disease. For example, with regards to the latter, cytokinessuch as IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, or IFN can be used to stimulate JAKactivation resulting in phosphorylation of STAT protein(s) andpotentially in transcriptional profiles (assessed by array or qPCRtechnology) or production and/or secretion of proteins, such as IL-17.The ability of compounds to inhibit these cytokine mediated effects canbe measured using techniques common to those schooled in the art. Toassess compound effects on JAK2, primary cells or cell lines can bestimulated with JAK2-dependent growth factors such as GM-CSF or Tpo,proteins extracted from cells and analyzed by techniques familiar tothose schooled in the art including Western blotting or ELISAs usingantibodies that can differentiate between phosphorylated and totalprotein.

Compounds herein can also be tested in cellular models designed toevaluate their potency and activity against mutant JAKs, for example,the JAK2V617F mutation found in myeloid proliferative disorders. Theseexperiments often utilize cytokine dependent cells of hematologicallineage (e.g. BaF/3) into which the wild-type or mutant JAK kinases areectopically expressed (James, C., et al. Nature 434:1144-1148; Staerk,J., et al. JBC 280:41893-41899). Endpoints include the effects ofcompounds on cell survival, proliferation, and phosphorylated JAK, STAT,Akt, or Erk proteins.

Certain compounds herein can be evaluated for their activity inhibitingT-cell proliferation. Such as assay can be considered a second cytokine(i.e. JAK) driven proliferation assay and also a simplistic assay ofimmune suppression or inhibition of immune activation. The following isa brief outline of how such experiments can be performed. Peripheralblood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are prepared from human whole bloodsamples using Ficoll Hypaque separation method and T-cells (fraction2000) can be obtained from PBMCs by elutriation. Freshly isolated humanT-cells can be maintained in culture medium (RPMI 1640 supplemented with10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin) ata density of 2×10⁶ cells/ml at 37° C. for up to 2 days. For IL-2stimulated cell proliferation analysis, T-cells are first treated withPhytohemagglutinin (PHA) at a final concentration of 10 Kg/mL for 72hours. After washing once with PBS, 6000 cells/well are plated in96-well plates and treated with compounds at different concentrations inthe culture medium in the presence of 100 U/mL human IL-2 (ProSpec-TanyTechnoGene; Rehovot, Israel). The plates are incubated at 37° C. for 72h and the proliferation index is assessed using CellTiter-GloLuminescent reagents following the manufactory suggested protocol(Promega; Madison, Wis.).

Example C In Vivo Anti-Tumor Efficacy

Compounds herein can be evaluated in human tumor xenograft models inimmune compromised mice. For example, a tumorigenic variant of the INA-6plasmacytoma cell line can be used to inoculate SCID mice subcutaneously(Burger, R., et al. Hematol J. 2:42-53, 2001). Tumor bearing animals canthen be randomized into drug or vehicle treatment groups and differentdoses of compounds can be administered by any number of the usual routesincluding oral, i.p., or continuous infusion using implantable pumps.Tumor growth is followed over time using calipers. Further, tumorsamples can be harvested at any time after the initiation of treatmentfor analysis as described above (Example B) to evaluate compound effectson JAK activity and downstream signaling pathways. In addition,selectivity of the compound(s) can be assessed using xenograft tumormodels that are driven by other know kinases (e.g. Bcr-Abl) such as theK562 tumor model.

Example D Murine Skin Contact Delayed Hypersensitivity Response Test

Compounds herein can also be tested for their efficacies (of inhibitingJAK targets) in the T-cell driven murine delayed hypersensitivity testmodel. The murine skin contact delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)response is considered to be a valid model of clinical contactdermatitis, and other T-lymphocyte mediated immune disorders of theskin, such as psoriasis (Immunol Today. 1998 January; 19(1):37-44).Murine DTH shares multiple characteristics with psoriasis, including theimmune infiltrate, the accompanying increase in inflammatory cytokines,and keratinocyte hyperproliferation. Furthermore, many classes of agentsthat are efficacious in treating psoriasis in the clinic are alsoeffective inhibitors of the DTH response in mice (Agents Actions. 1993January; 38(1-2): 116-21).

On Day 0 and 1, Balb/c mice are sensitized with a topical application,to their shaved abdomen with the antigen 2,4,dinitro-fluorobenzene(DNFB). On day 5, ears are measured for thickness using an engineer'smicrometer. This measurement is recorded and used as a baseline. Both ofthe animals' ears are then challenged by a topical application of DNFBin a total of 20 μL (10 μL on the internal pinna and 10 μL on theexternal pinna) at a concentration of 0.2%. Twenty-four to seventy-twohours after the challenge, ears are measured again. Treatment with thetest compounds is given throughout the sensitization and challengephases (day −1 to day 7) or prior to and throughout the challenge phase(usually afternoon of day 4 to day 7). Treatment of the test compounds(in different concentration) is administered either systemically ortopically (topical application of the treatment to the ears). Efficaciesof the test compounds are indicated by a reduction in ear swellingcomparing to the situation without the treatment. Compounds causing areduction of 20% or more were considered efficacious. In someexperiments, the mice are challenged but not sensitized (negativecontrol).

The inhibitive effect (inhibiting activation of the JAK-STAT pathways)of the test compounds can be confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis.Activation of the JAK-STAT pathway(s) results in the formation andtranslocation of functional transcription factors. Further, the influxof immune cells and the increased proliferation of keratinocytes shouldalso provide unique expression profile changes in the ear that can beinvestigated and quantified. Formalin fixed and paraffin embedded earsections (harvested after the challenge phase in the DTH model) aresubjected to immunohistochemical analysis using an antibody thatspecifically interacts with phosphorylated STAT3 (clone 58E12, CellSignaling Technologies). The mouse ears are treated with test compounds,vehicle, or dexamethasone (a clinically efficacious treatment forpsoriasis), or without any treatment, in the DTH model for comparisons.Test compounds and the dexamethasone can produce similar transcriptionalchanges both qualitatively and quantitatively, and both the testcompounds and dexamethasone can reduce the number of infiltrating cells.Both systemically and topical administration of the test compounds canproduce inhibitive effects, i.e., reduction in the number ofinfiltrating cells and inhibition of the transcriptional changes.

Example E In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Compounds herein can be evaluated in rodent or non-rodent modelsdesigned to replicate a single or complex inflammation response. Forinstance, rodent models of arthritis can be used to evaluate thetherapeutic potential of compounds dosed preventatively ortherapeutically. These models include but are not limited to mouse orrat collagen-induced arthritis, rat adjuvant-induced arthritis, andcollagen antibody-induced arthritis. Autoimmune diseases including, butnot limited to, multiple sclerosis, type I-diabetes mellitus,uveoretinitis, thyroditis, myasthenia gravis, immunoglobulinnephropathies, myocarditis, airway sensitization (asthma), lupus, orcolitis may also be used to evaluate the therapeutic potential ofcompounds herein. These models are well established in the researchcommunity and are familiar to those schooled in the art (CurrentProtocols in Immunology, Vol 3., Coligan, J. E. et al, Wiley Press.;Methods in Molecular Biology: Vol. 225, Inflammation Protocols.,Winyard, P. G. and Willoughby, D. A., Humana Press, 2003.).

Example F Animal Models for the Treatment of Dry Eye, Uveitis, andConjunctivitis

Agents may be evaluated in one or more preclinical models of dry eyeknown to those schooled in the art including, but not limited to, therabbit concanavalin A (ConA) lacrimal gland model, the scopolamine mousemodel (subcutaneous or transdermal), the Botulinumn mouse lacrimal glandmodel, or any of a number of spontaneous rodent auto-immune models thatresult in ocular gland dysfunction (e.g. NOD-SCID, MRL/lpr, or NZB/NZW)(Barabino et al., Experimental Eye Research 2004, 79, 613-621 andSchrader et al., Developmental Opthalmology, Karger 2008, 41, 298-312,each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).Endpoints in these models may include histopathology of the ocularglands and eye (cornea, etc.) and possibly the classic Schirmer test ormodified versions thereof (Barabino et al.) which measure tearproduction. Activity may be assessed by dosing via multiple routes ofadministration (e.g. systemic or topical) which may begin prior to orafter measurable disease exists.

Agents may be evaluated in one or more preclinical models of uveitisknown to those schooled in the art. These include, but are not limitedto, models of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) and endotoxininduced uveitis (EIU). EAU experiments may be performed in the rabbit,rat, or mouse and may involve passive or activate immunization. Forinstance, any of a number or retinal antigens may be used to sensitizeanimals to a relevant immunogen after which animals may be challengedocuarly with the same antigen. The EIU model is more acute and involveslocal or systemic administration of lipopolysaccaride at sublethaldoses. Endpoints for both the EIU and EAU models may include fundoscopicexam, histopathology amongst others. These models are reviewed by Smithet al (Immunology and Cell Biology 1998, 76, 497-512, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Activity is assessedby dosing via multiple routes of administration (e.g. systemic ortopical) which may begin prior to or after measurable disease exists.Some models listed above may also develop scleritis/episcleritis,chorioditis, cyclitis, or iritis and are therefore useful ininvestigating the potential activity of compounds for the therapeutictreatment of these diseases.

Agents may also be evaluated in one or more preclinical models ofconjunctivitis known those schooled in the art. These include, but arenot limited to, rodent models utilizing guinea-pig, rat, or mouse. Theguinea-pig models include those utilizing active or passive immunizationand/or immune challenge protocols with antigens such as ovalbumin orragweed (reviewed in Groneberg, D. A., et al., Allergy 2003, 58,1101-1113, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).Rat and mouse models are similar in general design to those in theguinea-pig (also reviewed by Groneberg). Activity may be assessed bydosing via multiple routes of administration (e.g. systemic or topical)which may begin prior to or after measurable disease exists. Endpointsfor such studies may include, for example, histological, immunological,biochemical, or molecular analysis of ocular tissues such as theconjunctiva.

Example G In Vivo Protection of Bone

Compounds may be evaluated in various preclinical models of osteopenia,osteoporosis, or bone resorption known to those schooled in the art. Forexample, ovariectomized rodents may be used to evaluate the ability ofcompounds to affect signs and markers of bone remodeling and/or density(W. S. S. Jee and W. Yao, J Musculoskel. Nueron. Interact., 2001, 1(3),193-207, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).Alternatively, bone density and architecture may be evaluated in controlor compound treated rodents in models of therapy (e.g. glucocorticoid)induced osteopenia (Yao, et al. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 2008, 58(6),3485-3497; and id. 58(11), 1674-1686, both of which are incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety). In addition, the effects ofcompounds on bone resorption and density may be evaluable in the rodentmodels of arthritis discussed above (Example E). Endpoints for all thesemodels may vary but often include histological and radiologicalassessments as well as immunohisotology and appropriate biochemicalmarkers of bone remodeling.

Various modifications of the invention, in addition to those describedherein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoingdescription. Such modifications are also intended to fall within thescope of the appended claims. Each reference, including all patent,patent applications, and publications, cited in the present applicationis incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

1. A compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: the

 ring system is aromatic; each

is independently selected from a single bond and a double bond; Y is Nor CR⁴; X¹ is selected from CR¹, CR¹R^(1a), C(═O), N, NR¹, O, and S; X²is selected from CR², C(═O), N, NR², and C(═NR^(2a)); X³ is selectedfrom CR³ and NR³; X⁴ is selected from C and N; and X⁵ is C; or X⁴ is C;and X⁵ is selected from C and N; provided that: (i) the selections foreach of X¹, X², X³, X⁴, X⁵ and

maintain proper valency; (ii) when X¹ is O or S, then X² is not NR² andX²

X³ is not —C(C═O)—CR³—; (iii) when X¹ is NR¹, then X²

X³ is not —NR²—NR³—; (iv) when X⁴ is N, then X¹

X²

X³ is not ═N—NR²—NR³—; and (v) when X⁵ is N, then X¹

X² is not —NR¹—NR²— and X¹

X²

X³ is not —CR¹R^(1a)—NR²—CR³═; R¹ is selected from H, halo, CN, NH₂,C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl; R^(1a) is selected from H,halo, CN, NH₂, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl; R^(2a) is selected fromCN, OH, OCH₃, and NO₂; R² is selected from H, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl-S—, CN,C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b),OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))R^(b), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O) R^(b) andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl,C₁₋₆ alkoxy, and C₁₋₆ alkyl-S— are each optionally substituted with 1,2, or 3 substituents independently selected from Cy², halo, CN, NO₂,OR^(a), SR^(a), C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b),OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d); alternatively, R² is selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl are eachoptionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independentlyselected from halo, R²¹, Cy², CN, NO₂, OR^(a), SR^(a), C(═O)R^(b),C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b), OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d),C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a), NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d),S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), and S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d);provided that when X¹

X²

X³ is —N═CR²—NR³—, X⁴ is C, and X⁵ is C; and Cy⁴ is unsubstituted orsubstituted 3-10 membered saturated heterocycloalkylene having one ormore nitrogen atoms or Cy^(4A) is unsubstituted or substituted 3-10membered saturated heterocycloalkylene having one or more nitrogenatoms, then R² is selected from H, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl-S—, CN, C(═O)R^(b),C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b), OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))R^(b), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O) R^(b) andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl,C₁₋₆ alkoxy, and C₁₋₆ alkyl-S— are each optionally substituted with 1,2, or 3 substituents independently selected from Cy², halo, CN, NO₂,OR^(a), SR^(a), C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b),OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d); each R²¹ is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl,C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl,C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted with 1,2, or 3 substituents independently selected from Cy², halo, CN, NO₂,OR^(a), SR^(a), C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b),OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d); alternatively, when two R²¹ groups are attached tothe same carbon atom, the two R²¹ groups, along with the carbon atom towhich they are attached, form a 3-7 membered cycloalkyl ring or a 3-7membered heterocycloalkyl ring, wherein 1 or 2 ring members of saidheterocycloalkyl ring are independently selected from N, O and S; andwherein said cycloalkyl ring and heterocycloalkyl ring are eachoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl;each Cy² is independently selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, whereinsaid C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 substituents independently selected from halo, R²², CN, NO₂,OR^(a), SR^(a), C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b),OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d); each R^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) are independentlyselected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1,2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl,C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, CN, NO₂, OR^(a1), SR^(a1),C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1),OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1),S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); each R^(b) isindependently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆haloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl,and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, CN, NO₂, OR^(a1),SR^(a1), C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1),OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1),S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); each R^(e) isindependently selected from H, CN, OH, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, NO₂,C(O)(C₁₋₄alkyl), and S(═O)₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl); each R²² is independentlyselected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, and C₁₋₆haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl areeach optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from Cy³, halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(═O)R^(b1),C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1), OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1),C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1),NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1), S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1),S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); each R^(a1), R^(c1), and R^(d1)are independently selected from H, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, C₂₋₃alkynyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl; each R^(b1) is independently selected fromC₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, C₂₋₃ alkynyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl; each R^(e1)is independently selected from H, CN, OH, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₁₋₄alkoxy;each Cy³ is independently selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, whereinsaid C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a1), SR^(a1),C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1),OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1),S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); R³ isselected from Cy⁴, -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵, -Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy⁵,-Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy^(5A)-Cy⁶, -Cy^(4A)-Cy^(5A)-Y²-Cy⁶,-Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy^(5A)-Y²-Cy⁶, or -Cy^(4A)-Y³-Cy⁶; Cy⁴ is selected fromC₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl areoptionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³¹groups; Cy^(4A) is selected from C₆₋₁₀ arylene, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene,5-10 membered heteroarylene, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene,wherein said C₆₋₁₀ arylene, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene, 5-10 memberedheteroarylene, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene are optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³¹ groups; Y¹ isY¹¹, C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆ alkenylene, C₂₋₆ alkynylene, C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y¹¹,C₂₋₆ alkenylene-Y¹¹, C₂₋₆ alkynylene-Y¹¹, Y¹¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene, Y¹¹—C₂₋₆alkenylene, or Y¹¹—C₂₋₆ alkynylene, wherein said alkylene, alkenyleneand alkynylene groups are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from halo, CN, OH, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkoxy; Cy⁵ and Cy⁶ are eachindependently selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 memberedheteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₆₋₁₀ aryl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4independently selected R³² groups; Cy^(5A) is selected from C₆₋₁₀arylene, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene, 5-10 membered heteroarylene, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkylene, wherein said C₆₋₁₀ arylene, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkylene, 5-10 membered heteroarylene, and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkylene are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4independently selected R³² groups; Y² is Y²¹, C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆alkenylene, C₂₋₆ alkynylene, C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y²¹, C₂₋₆ alkenylene-Y²¹,C₂₋₆ alkynylene-Y²¹, Y²¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene, Y²¹—C₂₋₆ alkenylene, or Y²¹—C₂₋₆alkynylene, wherein said alkylene, alkenylene and alkynylene groups areeach optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, CN, OH, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, andC₁₋₃ haloalkoxy; Y³ is C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₁₋₆alkylene-Y³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y³¹, or Y³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y³¹—C₁₋₆alkylene,wherein said alkylene groups are each optionally substituted with 1, 2,or 3 substituents independently selected from halo, CN, OH, C₁₋₃ alkyl,C₁₋₃ alkoxy, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkoxy; each Cy⁷ isindependently selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 memberedheteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₆₋₁₀ aryl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5independently selected R³³ groups; Y¹¹, Y²¹, and Y³¹ are eachindependently selected from O, S, C(═O), C(═O)NR^(f), C(═O)O, OC(═O),OC(═O)NR^(f), NR^(f), NR^(f)C(═O), NR^(f)C(═O)O, NR^(f)C(═O)NR^(f),NR^(f)S(═O), NR^(f)S(═O)₂, NR^(f)S(═O)₂NR^(f), S(═O), S(═O)NR, S(═O)₂,and S(═O)₂NR^(f); each R³¹ is independently selected from Cy⁷, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, halo, CN, NO₂,OR^(a2), SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2),OC(═O)R^(b2), OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2),NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2), NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)R^(b2),S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2); wherein saidC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected fromhalo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a2), SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2), OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)R^(b2), S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2); each R³² is independentlyselected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a2), SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2), OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)R^(b2), S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or3 substituents independently selected from halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a2),SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2),OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2),NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2), NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)R^(b2),S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2); each R³³ isindependently selected from halo, OH, NO₂, CN, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl,C₂₋₃ alkynyl, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy-C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, C₁₋₃ haloalkoxy, amino,C₁₋₃ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, thio, C₁₋₃ alkylthio, C₁₋₃alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbamyl, di(C₁₋₃alkyl)carbamyl, carboxy, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₃alkylcarbonyloxy, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonylamino,aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)aminosulfonyl,aminosulfonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonylamino, di(C₁₋₃alkyl)aminosulfonylamino, aminocarbonylamino, C₁₋₃alkylaminocarbonylamino, and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)aminocarbonylamino;alternatively, when two R³³ groups are attached to the same carbon atom,the two R³³ groups, along with the carbon atom to which they areattached, form a 3-7 membered cycloalkyl ring or a 3-7 memberedheterocycloalkyl ring, wherein 1 or 2 ring members of saidheterocycloalkyl ring are independently selected from N, O and S; andwherein said cycloalkyl ring and heterocycloalkyl ring are eachoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl;each R^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substitutedwith 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R³³; eachR^(b2) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, andC₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from R³³; each R^(e2) isindependently selected from H, CN, OH, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₁₋₄ alkoxy; eachR^(f) is independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl; R⁴ is selectedfrom H, halo, CN, NH₂, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl; and R⁵ isselected from H, halo, cyano, hydroxy, amino, (C₁₋₄ alkyl)amino, di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, and C₁₋₄ alkoxy.
 2. Thecompound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein: the

 ring system is aromatic; each

is independently selected from a single bond and a double bond; Y is Nor CR⁴; X¹ is selected from CR¹, CR¹R^(1a), C(═O), N, NR¹, O, and S; X²is selected from CR², C(═O), N, NR², and C(═NR^(2a)); X³ is selectedfrom CR³ and NR³; X⁴ is selected from C and N; and X⁵ is C; or X⁴ is C;and X⁵ is selected from C and N; provided that: (i) the selections foreach of X¹, X², X³, X⁴, X⁵ and

maintain proper valency; (ii) when X¹ is O or S, then X² is not NR² andX²

X³ is not —C(C═O)—CR³—; (iii) when X¹ is NR¹, then X²

X³ is not —NR²—NR³—; (iv) when X⁴ is N, then X¹

X²

X³ is not ═N—NR²—NR³—; and (v) when X⁵ is N, then X¹

X² is not —NR¹—NR²— and X¹

X²

X³ is not —CR¹R^(1a)—NR²—CR³═; R¹ is selected from H, halo, CN, NH₂,C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl; R^(1a) is selected from H,halo, CN, NH₂, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl; R^(2a) is selected fromCN, OH, OCH₃, and NO₂; R² is selected from H, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl-S—, CN,OC(═O)R^(b), OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b),NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a), NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))R^(b),C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b),S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), and S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d); wherein said C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, and C₁₋₆ alkyl-S— areeach optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from Cy², halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a), SR^(a), C(═O)R^(b),C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b), OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d),C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a), NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d),S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), and S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d);alternatively, R² is selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein saidC₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 substituents independently selected from halo, R²¹, Cy², CN,NO₂, OR^(a), SR^(a), C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a),OC(═O)R^(b), OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b),NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a), NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b),S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), and S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d); each R²¹ isindependently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, andC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynylare each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituentsindependently selected from Cy², halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a), SR^(a),C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b),OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d); alternatively, when two R²¹ groups are attached tothe same carbon atom, the two R²¹ groups, along with the carbon atom towhich they are attached, form a 3-7 membered cycloalkyl ring or a 3-7membered heterocycloalkyl ring, wherein 1 or 2 ring members of saidheterocycloalkyl ring are independently selected from N, O and S; andwherein said cycloalkyl ring and heterocycloalkyl ring are eachoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl;each Cy² is independently selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl whereinsaid C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 substituents independently selected from halo, R²², CN, NO₂,OR^(a), SR^(a), C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═O)OR^(a), OC(═O)R^(b),OC(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(═O)OR^(a),NR^(c)C(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(═O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b),NR^(c)S(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)R^(b), S(═O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(═O)₂R^(b), andS(═O)₂NR^(c)R^(d); each R^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) are independentlyselected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1,2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl,C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, CN, NO₂, OR^(a1), SR^(a1),C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1),OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1),S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); each R^(b) isindependently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆haloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl,and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, CN, NO₂, OR^(a1),SR^(a1), C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1),OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1),S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); each R^(e) isindependently selected from H, CN, OH, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, NO₂,C(O)(C₁₋₄ alkyl), and S(═O)₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl); each R²² is independentlyselected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, and C₁₋₆haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl areeach optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from Cy³, halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(═O)R^(b1),C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1), OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1),C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1),NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1), S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1),S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); each R^(a1), R^(c1), and R^(d1)are independently selected from H, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, C₂₋₃alkynyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalky; each R^(b1) is independently selected fromC₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, C₂₋₃ alkynyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl; each R^(e1)is independently selected from H, CN, OH, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₁₋₄ alkoxy;each Cy³ is independently selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, whereinsaid C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a1), SR^(a1),C(═O)R^(b1), C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═O)OR^(a1), OC(═O)R^(b1),OC(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1),NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e1))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)C(═O)OR^(a1), NR^(c1)C(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(═O)R^(b1),NR^(c1)S(═O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)R^(b1),S(═O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(═O)₂R^(b1), and S(═O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); R³ isselected from Cy⁴, -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵, -Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy⁵,-Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy^(5A)-Cy⁶, -Cy^(4A)-Cy^(5A)-Y²-Cy⁶,-Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy^(5A)-Y²-Cy⁶, or -Cy^(4A)-Y³-Cy⁶; Cy⁴ is selected fromC₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl areoptionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³¹groups, wherein said 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl is not a saturatedheterocycloalkyl group having one or more nitrogen ring members; Cy^(4A)is selected from C₆₋₁₀ arylene, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene, 5-10 memberedheteroarylene, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene, wherein said C₆₋₁₀arylene, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene, 5-10 membered heteroarylene, and 3-10membered heterocycloalkylene are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or4 independently selected R³¹ groups, wherein said 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkylene is not a saturated heterocycloalkylene group havingone or more nitrogen ring members; Y¹ is Y¹¹, C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆alkenylene, C₂₋₆ alkynylene, C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y¹¹, C₂₋₆ alkenylene-Y¹¹,C₂₋₆ alkynylene-Y¹¹, Y¹¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene, Y¹¹—C₂₋₆ alkenylene, or Y¹¹—C₂₋₆alkynylene, wherein said alkylene, alkenylene and alkynylene groups areeach optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, CN, OH, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, andC₁₋₃ haloalkoxy; Cy⁵ and Cy⁶ are each independently selected from C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl are optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³² groups;Cy^(5A) is selected from C₆₋₁₀ arylene, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene, 5-10membered heteroarylene, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene, whereinsaid C₆₋₁₀ arylene, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene, 5-10 membered heteroarylene,and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene are each optionally substitutedwith 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³² groups; Y² is Y²¹, C₁₋₆alkylene, C₂₋₆ alkenylene, C₂₋₆ alkynylene, C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y²¹, C₂₋₆alkenylene-Y²¹, C₂₋₆ alkynylene-Y²¹, Y²¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene, Y²¹—C₂₋₆alkenylene, or Y²¹—C₂₋₆ alkynylene, wherein said alkylene, alkenyleneand alkynylene groups are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from halo, CN, OH, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkoxy; Y³ is C₁₋₆alkylene-Y³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y³¹, orY³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y³¹—C₁₋₆ alkylene, wherein said alkylene groups areeach optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, CN, OH, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, andC₁₋₃ haloalkoxy; each Cy⁷ is independently selected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl, wherein said C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10membered heteroaryl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl are eachoptionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 independently selected R³³groups; Y¹¹, Y²¹, and Y³¹ are each independently selected from O, S,C(═O), C(═O)NR^(f), C(═O)O, OC(═O), OC(═O)NR^(f), NR^(f), NR^(f)C(═O),NR^(f)C(═O)O, NR^(f)C(═O)NR^(f), NR^(f)S(═O), NR^(f)S(═O)₂,NR^(f)S(═O)₂NR^(f), S(═O), S(═O)NR, S(═O)₂, and S(═O)₂NR^(f); each R³¹is independently selected from Cy⁷, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a2), SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2),C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2), OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)R^(b2), S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or3 substituents independently selected from halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a2),SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2),OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2),NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2), NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)R^(b2),S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2); each R³² isindependently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆haloalkyl, halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a2), SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2),C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2), OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)R^(b2), S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or3 substituents independently selected from halo, CN, NO₂, OR^(a2),SR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), OC(═O)R^(b2),OC(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2),NR^(c2)C(═NR^(e2))NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2),NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2), NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)R^(b2),S(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2); each R³³ isindependently selected from halo, OH, NO₂, CN, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl,C₂₋₃ alkynyl, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy-C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, C₁₋₃ haloalkoxy, amino,C₁₋₃ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, thio, C₁₋₃ alkylthio, C₁₋₃alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbamyl, di(C₁₋₃alkyl)carbamyl, carboxy, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₃alkylcarbonyloxy, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonylamino,aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)aminosulfonyl,aminosulfonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonylamino, di(C₁₋₃alkyl)aminosulfonylamino, aminocarbonylamino, C₁₋₃alkylaminocarbonylamino, and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)aminocarbonylamino;alternatively, when two R³³ groups are attached to the same carbon atom,the two R³³ groups, along with the carbon atom to which they areattached, form a 3-7 membered cycloalkyl ring or a 3-7 memberedheterocycloalkyl ring, wherein 1 or 2 ring members of saidheterocycloalkyl ring are independently selected from N, O and S; andwherein said cycloalkyl ring and heterocycloalkyl ring are eachoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl;each R^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substitutedwith 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R³³; eachR^(b2) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, andC₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from R³³; each R^(e2) isindependently selected from H, CN, OH, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₁₋₄ alkoxy; eachR^(f) is independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl; R⁴ is selectedfrom H, halo, CN, NH₂, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ haloalkyl; and R⁵ isselected from H, halo, cyano, hydroxy, amino, (C₁₋₄ alkyl)amino, di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, and C₁₋₄ alkoxy.
 3. Thecompound of any one of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, wherein Y is CR⁴.
 4. (canceled)
 5. The compound of claim 1, ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R² is H, methyl,ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl, wherein said methyl, ethyl, propyl, orisopropyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituentsindependently selected from halo, CN, OR^(a), NR^(c)R^(d),NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), and NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b); wherein each R^(a), R^(c), andR^(d) are independently selected from H, methyl, and ethyl; and eachR^(b) is independently selected from methyl and ethyl; or alternatively,R² is cyclopropyl or an azetidine ring, each of which is optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R²¹ groups; and eachR²¹ is independently C₁₋₃ alkyl.
 6. The compound of claim 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R² is —CH₂—OH,—CH(CH₃)—OH, or —CH₂—NHSO₂CH₃.
 7. The compound of claim 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ is H.
 8. Thecompound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein R⁵ is H.
 9. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, wherein R³ is Cy⁴.
 10. (canceled)
 11. Thecompound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein R³ is -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵ or -Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy⁵; wherein Y is C₁₋₄alkylene or Y¹¹—C₁₋₄ alkylene; and Y¹¹ is C(═O).
 12. The compound ofclaim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Cy⁴ isselected from C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl and 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,or 4 independently selected R³¹ groups, provided said 3-10 memberedheterocycloalkyl is not a saturated heterocycloalkyl group having one ormore nitrogen ring members. 13-15. (canceled)
 16. The compound of claim1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Cy⁴ is atetrahydro-2H-pyran ring, which is optionally substituted with 1 or 2independently selected R³¹ groups. 17-21. (canceled)
 22. The compound ofclaim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Cy^(4A)is selected from cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, cyclopentylene,cyclohexylene, and cycloheptylene, each of which is optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³¹ groups. 23-24.(canceled)
 25. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein Cy⁵ is a pyridine ring, a pyrazole ring, or atriazole ring, each of which is optionally substituted with 1 or 2independently selected R³² groups. 26-33. (canceled)
 34. The compound ofclaim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R² isH, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl, wherein said methyl, ethyl,propyl, or isopropyl are each optionally optionally substituted with 1,2, or 3 substituents independently selected from halo, CN, OR^(a),NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), and NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b); wherein eachR^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) are independently selected from H, methyl, andethyl; and each R^(b) is independently selected from methyl and ethyl;or alternatively, R² is cyclopropyl or an azetidine ring, each of whichis optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R²¹groups; provided that when X¹

X²

X³ is —N═CR²—NR³—, X⁴ is C, and X⁵ is C; and Cy⁴ is unsubstituted orsubstituted 3-10 membered saturated heterocycloalkylene having one ormore nitrogen atoms or Cy^(4A) is unsubstituted or substituted 3-10membered saturated heterocycloalkylene having one or more nitrogenatoms, then R² is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl,wherein said methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl are each optionallyoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, CN, OR^(a), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), andNR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b); wherein each R^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) areindependently selected from H, methyl, and ethyl; and each R^(b) isindependently selected from methyl and ethyl; each R²¹ is independentlyC₁₋₃ alkyl; R³ is Cy⁴, -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵, or -Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy⁵; Y¹ is C₁₋₄alkylene or Y¹¹—C₁₋₄ alkylene; Y¹¹ is C(O); Cy⁴ is selected from C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, each ofwhich are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independentlyselected R³¹ group; Cy^(4A) is selected from C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene and3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene, each of which are optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³¹ groups; Cy⁵ isC₆₋₁₀ aryl or 5-10 membered heteroaryl, which are each optionallysubstituted with 1 or 2 independently selected R³² groups; each R³¹ orR³² are each independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,halo, CN, OR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)OR^(a2), and NR^(c2)R^(d2); whereinsaid C₁₋₆ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3substituents independently selected from halo, CN, OR^(a2),C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), C(═O)OR^(a2), NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2),NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2), NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2); eachR^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkylare each optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 CN; each R^(b2) isindependently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, which areeach optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 CN; R⁴ is H; and R⁵ is H. 35.The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein: R² is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl, wherein saidmethyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl are each optionally optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected fromhalo, CN, OR^(a), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), and NR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b);wherein each R^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) are independently selected from H,methyl, and ethyl; and each R^(b) is independently selected from methyland ethyl; or alternatively, R² is cyclopropyl or an azetidine ring,each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independentlyselected R²¹ groups; provided that when X¹

X²

X³ is —N═CR²—NR³—, X⁴ is C, and X⁵ is C; and Cy⁴ is unsubstituted orsubstituted 3-10 membered saturated heterocycloalkylene having one ormore nitrogen atoms or Cy^(4A) is unsubstituted or substituted 3-10membered saturated heterocycloalkylene having one or more nitrogenatoms, then R² is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl,wherein said methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl are each optionallyoptionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independentlyselected from halo, CN, OR^(a), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═O)R^(b), andNR^(c)S(═O)₂R^(b); wherein each R^(a), R^(c), and R^(d) areindependently selected from H, methyl, and ethyl; and each R^(b) isindependently selected from methyl and ethyl; each R²¹ is independentlyC₁₋₃ alkyl; R³ is Cy⁴, -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵, or -Cy^(4A)-Y¹-Cy⁵; Y¹ is C₁₋₄alkylene, Y¹¹—C₁₋₄ alkylene, or C₁₋₆ alkylene-Y¹¹; Y¹¹ is C(O) orNHC(═O)O; Cy⁴ is selected from phenyl, C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, and 4-6 memberedheterocycloalkyl, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3,or 4 independently selected R³¹ group; Cy^(4A) is selected fromC₃₋₇cycloalkylene and 4-6 membered heterocycloalkylene, each of whichare optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³¹groups; Cy⁵ is phenyl, 4-6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5-6 memberedheteroaryl, which are each optionally substituted with 1 or 2independently selected R³² groups; each R³¹ or R³² are eachindependently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, halo, CN,OR^(a2), C(═O)R^(b2), C(═O)OR^(a2), and NR^(c2)R^(d2); wherein said C₁₋₆alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituentsindependently selected from halo, CN, OR^(a2), C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2),C(═O)OR^(a2), NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)C(═O)R^(b2), NR^(c2)C(═O)OR^(a2),NR^(c2)C(═O)NR^(c2)R^(d2), NR^(c2)S(═O)₂R^(b2),NR^(c2)S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2), S(═O)₂R^(b2), and S(═O)₂NR^(c2)R^(d2); eachR^(a2), R^(c2), and R^(d2) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkylare each optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 CN; each R^(b2) isindependently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, which areeach optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 CN; R⁴ is H; and R⁵ is H. 36.The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein: R² is —CH₂—OH, —CH(CH₃)—OH, or —CH₂—NHSO₂CH₃; R³ is Cy⁴; Cy⁴ isselected from C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, eachof which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independentlyselected R³¹ groups, provided said 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl is nota saturated heterocycloalkyl group having one or more nitrogen ringmembers; each R³¹ is independently selected from CN, OH, F, Cl, C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, amino, C₁₋₃alkylamino, and di(C₁₋₃alkyl)amino, wherein said C₁₋₃ alkyl and di(C₁₋₃alkyl)amino is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituentsindependently selected from F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, and C₁₋₃alkylsulfonyl; R⁴ is H; and R⁵ is H.
 37. The compound of claim 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R² is —CH₂—OH,—CH(CH₃)—OH, or —CH₂—NHSO₂CH₃; R³ is -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵; Cy^(4A) is selectedfrom C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene, each ofwhich are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independentlyselected R³¹ groups, provided said 3-10 membered heterocycloalkylene isnot a saturated heterocycloalkylene group having one or more nitrogenring members; Cy⁵ is selected from 5-10 membered heteroaryl, which isoptionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³²groups; each R³¹ is independently selected from CN, OH, F, Cl, C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, amino, C₁₋₃alkylamino, and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, wherein said C₁₋₃ alkyl and di(C₁₋₃alkyl)amino is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituentsindependently selected from F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, and C₁₋₃alkylsulfonyl; each R³² is independently selected from CN, OH, F, Cl,C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, amino, C₁₋₃alkylamino, and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, wherein said C₁₋₃ alkyl and di(C₁₋₃alkyl)amino is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituentsindependently selected from F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, and C₁₋₃alkylsulfonyl; R⁴ is H; and R⁵ is H.
 38. The compound of claim 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R² is —CH₂—OH,—CH(CH₃)—OH, or —CH₂—NHSO₂CH₃; R³ is Cy⁴ or -Cy^(4A)-Cy⁵; Cy⁴ isselected from cyclohexylene and a 2H-tetrahydrofuran ring, each of whichare optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R³¹groups; Cy^(4A) is selected from cyclohexylene and a 2H-tetrahydrofuranring, each of which are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4independently selected R³¹ groups; Cy⁵ is selected from 5-10 memberedheteroaryl, which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4independently selected R³² groups; each R³¹ is independently selectedfrom CN, OH, F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃ alkyl,HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, amino, C₁₋₃ alkylamino, and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, whereinsaid C₁₋₃ alkyl and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino is optionally substituted with1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, C₁₋₃alkylaminosulfonyl, and C₁₋₃ alkylsulfonyl; each R³² is independentlyselected from CN, OH, F, Cl, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₃alkyl, HO—C₁₋₃ alkyl, amino, C₁₋₃ alkylamino, and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino,wherein said C₁₋₃ alkyl and di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino is optionallysubstituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from F,Cl, C₁₋₃ alkylaminosulfonyl, and C₁₋₃alkylsulfonyl; R⁴ is H; and R⁵ isH.
 39. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, wherein: X¹

X²

X³ is —N═CR²—NR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or X¹

X²

X³ is —CR¹═CR²—NR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or X¹

X²

X³ is —CR¹R^(1a)—C(C═O)—NR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or X¹

X²

X³ is —O—C(C═O)—NR³—, X⁴ is C, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴; or X¹

X²

X³ is ═N—CR²═CR³—, X⁴ is N, X⁵ is C, and Y is CR⁴. 40-41. (canceled) 42.The compound of claim 1, having Formula IIb:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 43. (canceled)
 44. Thecompound of claim 1, having Formula IId:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 45. The compound of claim1, having Formula IIIa:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 46. The compound of claim1, having Formula IIIb:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 47. The compound of claim1, selected from:(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol;(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile;trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexanol;(1R)-1-(1-{trans-4-[(2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl)amino]cyclohexyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)ethanol;(1R)-1-(1-{trans-4-[2-(Methylsulfonyl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)ethanol;(1R)-1-{1-[cis-4-(1H-1,2,4-Triazol-1-yl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol;cis-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexanecarbonitrile;3-(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)propanenitrile;(1R)-1-[1-(3-Fluoropiperidin-4-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl]ethanol;(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile;(1R)-1-{1-[trans-4-(Hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol;(1R)-1-{1-[trans-4-(Fluoromethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol;(1R)-1-(1-Cyclohexyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)ethanol;1-(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)-N-methylmethanesulfonamide;(1R)-1-{1-[1-(2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol;3-(4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidin-1-yl)propanenitrile;{trans-4-[2-(Hydroxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile;N-({1-[trans-4-(Cyanomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}methyl)methanesulfonamide;(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-6-(Hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol;((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile;((2S,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile;N-((1-((2S)-Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide;and(trans-4-{7-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-8H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-8-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile;or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 48. The compound of claim1, selected from:(1-Hydroxy-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile;{(2E)-1-[trans-4-(Cyanomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-ylidene}cyanamide;[trans-4-(2-Cyclopropyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile;[trans-4-(2-Isopropyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile;[trans-4-(2-Azetidin-3-yl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile;2{trans-4-[2-(1-Methylazetidin-3-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]cyclohexyl}acetonitrile;3-[(cis-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)amino]propanenitrile;N-Ethyl-2-(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetamide;3-(3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)propanenitrile[4-(7-Methylimidazo[1,2-a]thieno[3,2-e]pyrazin-8-yl)phenyl]acetonitrile;[(1R,2R,4S)-2-hydroxy-4-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile;[(1S,2S,4R)-2-hydroxy-4-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile;[(1R,2R,4S)-4-(2-ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-methoxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile;[(1S,2S,4R)-4-(2-ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-methoxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile;((1R,2R,4S)-2-Hydroxy-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile;((1S,2S,4R)-2-hydroxy-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile;((1R,2S,4S)-2-Hydroxy-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile;((1S,2R,4R)-2-hydroxy-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile;[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]acetonitrile;[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]acetonitrile;[(1R,2S,4S)-4-(2-Ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile;[(1S,2R,4R)-4-(2-ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile;[(1R,2S,4S)-4-(2-Methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile;[(1S,2R,4R)-4-(2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]acetonitrile;[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Isopropyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]acetonitrile;[(2R,5S)-5-(2-Cyclopropyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]acetonitrile;((2S,5R)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile;((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1S)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile;[4-(8-Methylpyrazolo[1,5-c]thieno[2,3-e]pyrimidin-9-yl)phenyl]acetonitrile;[trans-4-(2-Ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile;[trans-4-(2-Methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile;((1R,3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclopentyl)acetonitrile;Ethyl(3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidine-1-carboxylate;3-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile;(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-1-(4,4,4-Trifluorobutanoyl)piperidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol;(1R)-1-(1-{(3S)-1-[3-(1H-Pyrazol-4-yl)propanoyl]piperidin-3-yl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)ethanol;(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-1-(3-Pyridin-3-ylpropanoyl)piperidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol;(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-1-(3-Phenylbutanoyl)piperidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol;3-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidin-1-yl)propanenitrile;(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-1-(3-Phenylpropanoyl)piperidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol;4-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-4-oxobutanenitrile;5-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-5-oxopentanenitrile;(1R)-1-{1-[1-(4,4,4-Trifluorobutyl)piperidin-4-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol;(4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}piperidin-1-yl)acetonitrile;3-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}pyrrolidin-1-yl)propanenitrile;3-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile;(1R)-1-{1-[(3S)-1-(4,4,4-Trifluorobutyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethanol;4-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}pyrrolidin-1-yl)butanenitrile;5-((3S)-3-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentanenitrile;((1R,2R,4S)-2-Amino-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)acetonitrile;{(2R,5S)-5-[2-(1-Aminoethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile;N-(1-{1-[(3S,6R)-6-(Cyanomethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}ethyl)acetamide;((2R,5S)-5-{2-[1-(Methylamino)ethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile;{(2R,5S)-5-[2-(1-Fluoroethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile;and[4-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-(1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile;or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 49. The compound of claim1, selected from:{(2R,5S)-5-[2-(Cyanomethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile;{(2S,5S)-5-[2-(Cyanomethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile;N-[((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl]methanesulfonamide; Isopropyl[((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl]carbamate;[trans-4-(8-Methylpyrazolo[1,5-c]thieno[2,3-e]pyrimidin-9-yl)cyclohexyl]acetonitrile;Methyl[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)methyl]carbamate;N-[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)methyl]acetamide;N-[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)methyl]methanesulfonamide;N′-[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)methyl]-N,N-dimethylurea;Ethyl[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)methyl]carbamate;Propyl[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)methyl]carbamate;Isopropyl[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)methyl]carbamate;Tetrahydrofuran-3-yl[(trans-4-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}cyclohexyl)methyl]carbamate;Methyl({trans-4-[2-(cyanomethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]cyclohexyl}methyl)carbamate;Ethyl({trans-4-[2-(cyanomethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]cyclohexyl}methyl)carbamate;Isopropyl({trans-4-[2-(cyanomethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]cyclohexyl}methyl)carbamate;N-({trans-4-[2-(Cyanomethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]cyclohexyl}methyl)propanamide;{1-[trans-4-(Cyanomethyl)cyclohexyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl}acetonitrile;and{(2R,5S)-5-[2-(Hydroxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}acetonitrile;or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 50. A compositioncomprising a compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 51.A method of inhibiting an activity of JAK1 comprising contacting JAK1with a compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof.
 52. A method according to claim 51, wherein said compound,or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is selective for JAK1 overJAK2.
 53. A method of treating an autoimmune disease, a cancer, amyeloproliferative disorder, an inflammatory disease, a bone resorptiondisease, or organ transplant rejection in a patient in need thereof,comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof.
 54. A method according to claim 53, wherein said autoimmunedisease is a skin disorder, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis,psoriatic arthritis, juvenile arthritis, type I diabetes, lupus,inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, myasthenia gravis,immunoglobulin nephropathies, myocarditis, or autoimmune thyroiddisorder.
 55. A method according to claim 53, wherein said autoimmunedisease is rheumatoid arthritis.
 56. (canceled)
 57. A method accordingto claim 54, wherein said skin disorder is atopic dermatitis, psoriasis,skin sensitization, skin irritation, skin rash, contact dermatitis orallergic contact sensitization.
 58. (canceled)
 59. A method according toclaim 53, wherein said cancer is prostate cancer, renal cancer, hepaticcancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, thyroid cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma,Castleman's disease, pancreatic cancer, lymphoma, leukemia, or multiplemyeloma.
 60. (canceled)
 61. A method according to claim 53, wherein saidmyeloproliferative disorder is polycythemia vera (PV), essentialthrombocythemia (ET), primary myelofibrosis (PMF), chronic myelogenousleukemia (CML), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML),hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF), orsystemic mast cell disease (SMCD).
 62. (canceled)
 63. A method accordingto claim 53, wherein said myeloproliferative disorder is primarymyelofibrosis (PMF).
 64. A method according to claim 53, wherein saidmyeloproliferative disorder is post polycythemia vera myelofibrosis(Post-PV MF) or post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis (Post-ETMF).
 65. (canceled)
 66. A method according to claim 53, wherein saidbone resorption disease is osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, bone resorptionassociated with hormonal imbalance, bone resorption associated withhormonal therapy, bone resorption associated with autoimmune disease, orbone resorption associated with cancer.
 67. A method of treatingmyelodysplastic syndrome in a patient in need thereof, comprisingadministering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of acompound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.